CONTROL OF GIPSY MOTH BY FOREST MANAGEMENT. 2 
RED CEDAR. 
_ Red cedar is widely distributed in the eastern United States, but 
only in the Southeast, on good soil, is it now found in the quality and 
sizes which give it its greatest value. In New England it ranges from 
Augusta, Me., and from southern New Hampshire through Massa- 
chusetts and Rhode Island into Connecticut. It is charactertistic of 
old fields and pastures, the stands varying from a few scattered trees 
to dense pure stands, and it is also found in mixture with gray birch 
and with other trees. 
Within the white-pine region thousands of acres in the aggregate 
are covered by this typical growth, which can not be cut profitably 
until the cedar is large enough for posts and the birch for cordwood. 
On such sites, when found in sufficient numbers, and on rock covered 
with not more than 6 inches of soil, where no other tree can grow, red 
cedar is a controlling tree. 
When cut from such rocky sites it should be replaced by seeding or 
by planting 4-year-old red-cedar stock, three times transplanted in 
the nursery. 
On old fields and pastures thinning is not recommended, even in 
dense stands, as the increased growth is so slow that thinning will 
not pay. . 
The general object of management should be to replace the cedar 
with more rapidly growing species. When material is large enough 
to sell, stands should be clear cut and planted. In the meantime open 
stands of cedar not ready for clear cutting should be filled by planting 
white or red pine, and mixed stands handled as suggested for the 
stand at Amesbury, Mass., described later. That stand is character- 
istic old-field growth, with a small percentage of red cedar. 
WHITE CEDAR. 
This species, Chamaecyparis thyoidse (Linn. B.S.P.), must not be 
confused with the other of the same common name, 7 huja occidentalis 
Linn., also found in New England and often called arborvite. 
Arborvite is rarely seen south of Boston, and Chamecyparis per- 
haps as rarely north of that city. Although not unknown in southern 
Maine and southern New: Hampshire, it is not found in commercial 
quantities in the white-pine region except in certain swamps within 
20 miles of the coast in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 
Tt is found pure and also mixed with red maple. Many swamps in 
which it formerly grew have been cleared and converted into cran- 
berry bogs, and others not suitable for cranberries will probably 
eventually be drained and used for other agricultural crops. 
