16 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE BULLETIN NO. 484, 
could be made to yield an income. (2) Communities would be pro- 
vided with a permanent local supply of wood products, the use of 
which for manufacturing purpeses would insure a certain amount 
of local industrial activity. (3) Private owners would be supplied 
with examples of the value of systematic management. (4) Com- . 
munities would have convenient recreation grounds of the most 
desirable sort. (5) An opportunity would be given to begin now to 
establish forests of quality to meet future needs. Most individual 
owners lack the means or the desire to adopt such a policy, although 
everyone realizes the need of such measures. 
The low commercial value of most of the trees suggested for re- 
moval and the cost of restocking land with new trees combine to pro- 
hibit in many instances the adoption of obviously desirable improve- 
ment and protective measures. A vigorous effort should be made to 
stimulate the existing market for inferior hardwoods and to discover 
new uses for such woods. If an active demand for low-grade hard- 
woods could be created, the problem of controlling the gipsy moth 
in woods would be much easier than under present conditions. 
RECOMMENDATIONS. 
The following recommendations are made in the belief that their 
adoption would be of great value in the solution of the problem of 
the control of the gipsy moth in woods. It is therefore recommended: 
(1) That steps be taken to impress on every individual woodland 
owner the desirability of adopting and practicing simple but definite 
improvement and protective measures. (2) That the following sug- 
gestions be carefully considered by woodland owners who wish to im- 
prove and protect their woods: 7 
(a) Cut all trees designated as of low commercial value in Class I when 
they are shading or in any way interfering with the growth and development 
of trees in Classes II, III, and IV. 
(6b) Cut all species indicated as being of low commercial value in Classes 
IIIT and IV when they are in any way interfering with the growth of valuable 
species in the same classes. 
(ec) Cut as soon as possible all trees which have started to die. Dying trees 
often breed very injurious borers. 
(d) Cut no thrifty trees merely.out of fear that they will be attacked by 
insects, excepting in cases where extreme suppressive measures make it neces- 
sary. Many insect-ridden trees have recovered fully. 
(e) Cut no thrifty tree that is not interfering with the growth of a more 
valuable one unless it can be replaced by something better. 
(f) Confine hardwood growth as far as possible to the best available soils. 
(g) Encourage the growth and development of conifers, particularly white 
pine, on all sites not well adapted to hardwood growth. 
(h) Keep woodland so completely stocked with trees that undergrowth pro- 
viding gipsy-moth food will be shaded out. ’ 
(3) That the establishment of public forests be given every en- 
couragement. 
