CEREAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE NEPHI SUBSTATION. 45 
Formalin treatment: 
(a) 5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and dried. 
(b) 5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and kept 
moist 2 hours. 
(c) 2.5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and dried. 
(d) 2.5 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and leit 
moist 2 hours. 
(e) 1.25 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and dried. 
(f) 1.25 parts of formalin to 1,000 parts of water; seed soaked 10 minutes and kept 
moist 2 hours. 
Commercial formalin, a 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde, was used. 
The treatments with both copper sulphate and formalin were 
applied to seed of the two varieties in two ways—(1) with the smut 
balls left in, as is ordinarily the case in farm practice, and (2) with 
the smut balls removed. This was accomplished by immersing the 
seed in water, and skimming off the smut balls as they rose to the 
surface. Thus, two rows of each variety were treated in the same 
manner, except that the smut balls had been removed from the seed 
used for one row and not from the other. 
One hundred and fifty seeds were sown in each row. The rows were 
2 rods long and the seeds were sown at equal distances apart in the 
row. Besides the rows of treated seed, there were sown check rows 
which had been neither inoculated nor treated and control rows 
which had been inoculated but not treated. 
The seeding was done by hand and in the manner previously 
described for the nursery sowings. In the fall of 1909 and again in 
1911, when the 1910 and 1912 rows were being sown, care was taken 
to disinfect the hands after each row was planted. This precaution 
was not taken in the fall of 1910 when the 1911 rows were being sown. 
The failure to take this precaution may explain the discrepancies 
appearing in the results of 1911. The details of the entire test and 
their summary are given in Table XVIII. The percentage of smut 
was determined in the same manner as that in the time-of-seeding 
test. 
The results presented in Table XVIII show the effectiveness of all 
treatments when the treated rows are compared with the controls. 
The third treatment with copper sulphate (1 pound to 10 gallons of 
water, soaked 10 mimutes and dried) gave the best results of any 
treatments with that compound. The fourth treatment with formalin 
(2.5 to 1,000 parts, soaked 10 minutes and kept moist 2 hours) gave 
the best results of any of the formalin treatments. Results obtained 
with these two treatments were almost identical, but the ease with 
which formalin can be handled gives that treatment an advantage 
over the copper-sulphate treatment. 
