48 BULLETIN 30,U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The removal of smut balls in this experiment had less effect than 
would have been the case had the seed been handled in greater bulk 
and sown by. machinery. In the latter case the smut balls would 
have been removed with less thoroughness and there would have been 
some infection after treatment through the breaking of the remaining 
smut balls in the drill. 
SUMMARY. 
The Nephi substation is located in the Juab Valley in the eastern 
part of Juab County, mn central Utah. The altitude of the substation 
is approximately 6,000 feet. 
The average annual rainfall in Juab Valley during 1898 to 1912, 
inclusive, was 13.61 inches. The winter and spring precipitation is 
the heaviest of the year. The summer rains have been very small 
and consequently of little value to the growing crops. 
The average evaporation during the six summer months, April to 
September, inclusive, for the years 1908 to 1912, inclusive, was 45.57 
inches. The average daily evaporation for the same period was 0.25 
inch. 
The average wind velocity per hour during the months of April to 
October, inclusive, for the years 1909 to 1912, inclusive, was 4.3 miles. 
The average length of the frost-free period for the years since 1907 
has been 102 days. The latest spring frost occurred on June 22, 1908; 
the earliest fall frost occurred on August 30, 1908, leaving a frost-free 
period of 69 days. The maximum frost-free period was in 1910, from 
May 16 to October 5, a total of 142 days. 
The soil at Nephi ranges from a deep clay to a sandy loam, and 
where it is now found in the virgin condition it is covered with a 
heavy growth of sagebrush. 
The varietal tests on plats have included 105 cereal varieties and 
strains. There were 68 varieties and strains of winter wheat, 1 of 
winter oats, 3 of winter barley, 2 of winter emmer, 10 of spring wheat, 
7 of spring oats, and 14 of spring barley. 
The winter varieties of all cereals have given better results than 
have the spring varieties. 
Of the winter wheat varieties, the hard red group has given the 
best yields. The soft white group, commonly grown in the Inter- 
mountain States, is comparatively low in yield. 
The Turkey variety (C. I. No. 2998), the leading hard winter 
wheat at the substation for several years, is the most satisfactory of 
the winter wheats. It has been used as a check variety for a number 
of seasons. Only one variety, Crimean (C. I. No. 1437), ranks higher 
in actual yield, but its rank is based on the yield of a single plat each 
year, while the rank of the Turkey is based on an average of several 
plats. 
