14: 
BULLETIN 760, U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE. 
age with their own tractors. Two- to -i-gang 14- to IC-ineh plows 
were used, and the ground was plowed to an average depth of 12 
inches. The man-labor requirement averaged 1.77 hours per acre. 
involving a labor cost of 37 cents per acre. (See fig. 6.) 
CHISELING. 
The field chisel or deep cultivator, as it is often called, has two 
staggered rows of rigid, narrow teeth, firmly attached to an iron 
frame which is supported on wheels at either end. (See Table 
IX. ) Hand levers which are attached to the frame insure an ac- 
curate adjustment of the depth of cultivation. On loose, spring- 
plowed land, the deep cultivator is used to firm and compact the 
Fig. 5. — Plowing with an ordinary sulky. The crew in thi: 
man and six mules. 
case consistec 
soil for the entire depth of the seed bed. When the chisel is used 
for this purpose it should be followed soon after by a spike-tooth 
harrow to create a dust mulch to lessen evaporation. On the heavier 
soil types, such as are found in the Salinas area, the deep cultivator 
serves to loosen up the surface soil which has become compact, and 
at the same time to subdue weeds. 
Table IX. — Chiseling. 
District. 
of 
records. 
Per cent 
of total 
records. 
Acres in beets 
per farm. 
Times | 
chiseled. - 
Hours of labor 
per acre. 
Labor 
cost per 
Total. 
Chiseled. 
Man. Horse. 
acre. 
Los Angeles 
Oxnard 
5 
34 
9 
11 
119.29 
93.20 
». 85 
97.86 
53.20 
88.12 
1.43 ; 
1.20 
2. 07 j 14. 40 
i. 90 12. 76 
1. 69 . 12. 93 
$1.85 
1.68 
1.64 
