8 BULLETIN &35, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
By-products plants are rapidly developing and are taking more 
and more of the inferior and cull fruit, thus making possible a higher 
standard of grades and larger net returns to the producers. 
Increasing production and a constantly increasing number of ship- 
pers have resulted in active competition with resultant improvement 
in the marketing systems. As the volume increases and the marketing 
problems become more complex, the development of cooperation be- 
tween growers' selling organizations and sales agents becomes almost 
imperative. 
DISTRIBUTION. 
Apples shipped from the Pacific Northwest enjo}^ a wider dis- 
tribution 10 than any other commodity shipped from one section. 
Reports of destinations from carriers for the last five years show 
that 2,567 cities were used as primary destinations. 11 No attempt 
has been made to show final destinations because a large per- 
centage of shipments were diverted and, unfortunately, such diver- 
sion information is not available. It is believed, however, that a 
sufficiently large number of primary destinations for the last five 
years were final destinations to make it fair to use this information 
as a basis for the further development of car-lot markets. 
Telegraphic reports of shipments from the railroads during the 
1919-20 season showed that about 1,400 cities received car-lot ship- 
ments of apples from the Pacific Northwest. It is safe to assume 
that complete diversion information would show a very much larger 
number of cities to which shipments were made. 
New car-lot markets are being developed, particularly in the Cen- 
tral Plains, Middle Western, Southwestern, and Southeastern States. 
Not taking into account the shipments to the large markets and bill- 
ings to Chicago and Minneapolis for consumption and diversion, 
small markets in these four sections of the country received about 
one-fourth of the 1919 northwestern crop. Diversions from Chicago 
and points west of Chicago would probably show that many more cars 
were finally received in the smaller markets, particularly in the South- 
west and Southeast. 
EXPORT SHIPMENTS. 
Apples grown in the Pacific Northwest have been exported to 
practically all the continents on the globe, including Europe, Asia, 
Africa, Australasia, South America, and to the Dominion of Canada 
and Cuba. The development of steamship refrigerating facilities 
will doubtless increase these exports. 
Exports 12 of apples from the United States during the 1916-17 
season were reduced because of greatly increased risks and high war 
i°See Exhibit No. S, p. 20. ll See Exhibit No. 0, p. 20. " See Exhiliit No. 10, p. 27. 
