LOGGING IN" THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 53 
It cost about $0.25 more per thousand feet when practically every- 
thing was cut than it did when a large proportion of the stand was 
left as presumably worthless. 
(2) The labor cost per thousand feet, selling scale, for felling and 
bucking at a camp on the flat to the west of the Cascades in Wash- 
ington, based on a period of six months in 1912 and an output of 
25,000,000 feet. 
The ground was practically level and quite free of brush and down 
timber. Few hummocks, pot holes, or troublesome ravines were 
encountered. 
While the timber was relatively small, the stand was dense, cutting 
out from 85,000 to 90,000 feet per acre. It averaged about 30 inches 
in diameter, breast high, and was of good height. The logs averaged 
550 feet in volume and ranged from 32 to 40 feet in length. The 
timber was practically sound, the breakage amounting to not more 
than 5 per cent. 
Five sets of f allers worked with the three sides, averaging about 
28,000 feet per set per day. Approximately three buckers worked 
with a set of fallers, bucking both the down and felled timber. 
The average cost per thousand feet for labor amounted to $0.49. 
One filer was employed. The camp foreman was directly in charge 
of the work, but none of his salary is included in this cost. The fol- 
lowing daily wages were paid: Head fallers, $3.25 to $3.50; second 
fallers, $3 to $3.25 ; buckers, $3 ; filer, $3.75. 
(3) Cost of felling and bucking at a camp along the Columbia 
Eiver in Washington in the years 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1915. 
The tract was mountainous, rough, and broken up, the slopes gen- 
erally being quite steep. No rock outcrops or cliffs were encountered. 
There was a considerable amount of down timber and an average 
amount of brush. 
The timber was large old-growth fir, which was cutting out from 
80,000 to 100,000 feet to the acre, with about 20,000 feet of hemlock 
left. It was the policy of the management to cut no hemlock under 
28 inches in diameter, breast high. Little fir, cedar, or spruce was left. 
Breakage amounted to 10 or 15 per cent. The logs averaged about 
36 feet in length and 1,900 feet in volume. 
The average labor cost per thousand feet in 1912, which was based 
on an output of 38,000,000 feet, was as follows : 
Felling $0,168 
Bucking • 382 
Total - • 550 
The felling cost includes the wages of the fallers and one-half the 
wages of the filer ; the bucking cost includes the wages of the buckers, 
head bucker, assistant head bucker, and one-half the wages of the 
saw filer. The following daily wages were paid. Head fallers, $3,75 ; 
