LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 63 
engines, if possible, or by securing engines that would stand harder 
work. 
(7) Loss of time. — There is of necessity considerable lost time in 
yarding. Yarding engines have to be moved from one landing to 
another and from one end of a given landing to the other. Lines have 
to be run out, and, as the work progresses, changed from one yarding 
trail to another. These and other delays are necessary. Loss of time 
results from other causes, such as the inability of the loading depart- 
ment, or the next step in transportation, to handle the yarding output 
at all times. The aim of camp foremen is to reduce to the minimum 
the loss of time because of necessary delays and to eliminate unnec- 
essary delays entirety. 
A few operators in their endeavor to take care of this factor prop- 
erly keep a record of lost time. The following is a summary of one of 
these records for three donkey engines, based on a logging period of 
six months : 
Record of lost time in yarding. 
Waiting for trucks, 40 hours days 4 
Moving yarders, 240 hours do 24 
Changing ends, 90 hours do 9 
Total loss, 370 hours do 87 
Total number of landings 27 
Average time lost in moving a yarder from one landing to 
another hours 8. 9 
Average time lost in changing ends do 3J 
Average amount of timber yarded to a landing feet 830, 000 
Number of yarding days _ 383 
Number of productive yarding days 346 
(8) Amount of defect in timber. — The yarding output is affected 
in much the same way by rot as by the size of the timber. It takes 
as much time to yard a rotten log as a sound one of the same size, and 
yet the rotten log may not scale more than half as much as the sound 
one. Much yarding time is lost in disentangling the logs that should 
by utilized from those that are worthless. The operator has to fell 
and buck the defective timber — sometimes half the stand — to make 
sure that no merchantable timber is left. Few factors, either as re- 
lated to the cost of yarding or the operation as a whole, are so im- 
portant or so often overlooked as this one. 
(9) Surface of the ground. — The output with the ground-yarding 
method is less where the ground is broken up with " potholes," hum- 
mocks, small ravines, and the like, than where the ground is relatively 
smooth. The effect of this factor on the output with the high-lead 
and overhead methods is not so apparent, particularly with the over- 
head method. 
