LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 
43 
with an iron spur. The springboard, with the spur uppermost, is 
thrust into a horizontally based notch cut into the tree. When the 
fallers weight is applied to the outer end of the board the spur is 
forced into the wood, preventing 
the board from slipping, keep- 
ing it level, and allowing it to be 
swung around with the iron spur 
serving as a hinge. The boards 
are made in the camps, generally 
by the blacksmith or filer, of ma- 
ple or Douglas fir, generally the 
former. The irons or spurs (fig. 
9), as a rule, are made by the camp blacksmith, although they may 
be purchased for about $1.25 per set. 
Chopping- board iron. 
UNDEKCUTTEES. 
It has been pointed out that in cutting trees into log lengths it is 
not infrequently necessary to put a cut in on the underside. To 
assist in holding the saw against the wood while 
undercutting is in progress, an undercutter may 
be used. There are several types on the market, 
one of which is shown in figure 10. The commonest 
practice is to insert the bit of an ax in the tree in 
such a way that the spring in the handle can be 
utilized to hold the saw to the cut. 
SPECIAL EQUIPMENT. 
TEEE FALLEK. 
Among the recent innovations in logging equip- 
ment is the tree faller or jack. Its primary object 
is to enable timber fallers to throw trees in any 
direction regardless of the lean, thus making it 
possible to save considerable timber from breakage. 
Furthermore, if the machine is adapted to ordi- 
nary conditions, and the company manufacturing 
and selling it claims that it is, it will do way with 
wedging, which is a time and energy consuming operation. 
As is shown in figures 11 and 12, the device embodies the simple 
principle of arms working on a fulcrum and spread through the 
agency of a slow-moving screw operated by a hand lever. It is made 
of special alloy steel, the required lifting power being enormous. 
Fig. 10. — Under 
cutter. 
