22 BULLETIN '711, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
GRADING RULES FOR SPRUCE, PINE, AND HEMLOCK. 
No. 1 logs. 
Logs 12 feet or over in length, 30 inches in diameter and over, up to 32 feet 
long; 28 inches if over 32 feet long; reasonably straight, clear, free from such 
defects as would impair their value for clear lumber. 
No. 2 logs. 
Logs not less than 14 inches in diameter, sound, reasonably straight, free from 
rotten knots or bunch knots; the grain straight enough to insure strength. 
No. 3 logs. 
Logs having visible defects such as crooks, bad knots, or other defects that 
would lower the grade below merchantable or No. 2. 
Culls. 
Logs which will not cut 50 per cent of their contents in salable lumber shall 
be classed as culls. 
GRADING RULES FOR SHINGLE BOLTS. 
Bolts to be measured in the following manner : To be as closely piled as 
possible, 4 feet high, 8 feet long, and the average number of pieces taken in 
the piles ; the quantity to be obtained by dividnig the number of pieces by the 
average contained in the piles. If piled loosely, sufficient allowance to be made 
to make up a cord of closely piled bolts. 
No. 1 bolts. 
(a) To be of first-class timber of an average of not more than 30 bolts to the 
cord, 52 to 54 inches in length, straight, well made, hearted, and barked. 
( b ) Seventy per cent of the bolts to be clear ; balance to allow of two small 
knots in each bolt, 1 inch in diameter. 
(c) To be free from rot, shakes, and knot holes and other defects. 
No. 2 bolts. 
(a) To be well made, hearted, and barked, and of an average of not more 
than 36 bolts to the cord, 52 to 54 inches in length. 
(&) To be free from rot, shakes, and worm holes. 
No. S bolts. 
(a) To be hearted and barked, not more than 40 bolts to the cord, 52 to 54 
inches in length. 
(&) Twenty-five per cent to be clear; balance to allow any bolt which has 
two cuts, with one knot 2 inches in diameter in each cut. 
(c) To be free from rot, shakes, and worm holes; any bolts not up to stand- 
ard of the grades to be considered culls. 
