LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 19 
the Service makes special check scales by the best men in its or- 
ganization. 
LOG SCALE THE BASIS IN LOGGING COST CALCULATIONS. 
Loggers and lumber manufacturers uniformly think of logging 
costs in connection with the 1,000-foot unit. Loggers invariably 
prorate the logging costs on the basis of the log scale. Lumber 
manufacturers do not adhere to a uniform practice, sometimes pro- 
rating the logging costs on the mill tally, sometimes on both the 
mill tally and log scale. These two standards seldom agree, and 
it is necessary in a given case to know what standard has been used 
if one would avoid confusion. The product of the mill ordinarily 
overruns the log scale from 4 to 30 per cent, depending on the size, 
taper, and soundness of the timber, the thickness of the saws and 
other matters of mill equipment, the exact dimensions to which 
lumber is sawed, the class of material manufactured, and the loss 
in finishing and seasoning. 
In this bulletin logging costs are uniformly based on the 1,000- 
foot log-scale unit unless an exception is noted. Logging-cost state- 
ments are based on the selling scale and not on a camp or Forest 
Service scale. 
COST. 
The bulk of the logs sold in the log markets of the Columbia 
River and Puget Sound regions are scaled by two log scaling and 
grading bureaus, corporations owned by independent loggers. In 
the Grays Harbor and Willapa Harbor regions scaling is done by 
independent scalers and costs about 5 cents per thousand feet. 
Most logging operators who keep detailed cost accounts find it 
necessary to employ a camp scaler. A camp scaler is necessary in 
connection with practically all forms of bonus systems. Some camps 
get along without a camp scaler, keeping track of the output of the 
camp or the several units of production through a log or car count. 
A camp scale is not ordinarily considered as accurate as a selling 
scale. The camp scalers are paid from $75 to $125 per month. 
Scaling in national forest timber sales is done by men regularly 
employed and paid by the Forest Service, which makes it possible 
for purchasers of national forest timber to get along without camp 
scalers. Purchasers who sell in the log markets, however, have to 
pay for a selling scale, as the Forest Service scale is not accepted by 
lumber manufacturers. 
GEADING EULES. 
As a general thing logs are sold by grades and species, so that it 
is desirable in most cases to sort the logs in rafting, each raft being 
