LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION". 5 
A camp may be made up of one or more sides, a side consisting of 
the crew and machinery necessary to handle the logs from one yard- 
ing engine. Where a number of engines are found at a side, each 
side may constitute a camp. A camp may include as many as four 
sides when only one or two engines are used at a side. It is difficult 
to generalize regarding this matter. 
The output of a side, varying as it does with the yarding output, 
ranges generally from 40,000 to 80,000 feet per day. 
STEPS IN AN OPERATION, 
Powerful steam machinery is the most prominent feature of the 
logging operations of the Douglas fir region. The timber is large, 
the ground rough, ruggedj, and covered with bushes, so that some 
form of power logging is necessary. Logging with animals is con- 
fined for the most part to the logging of ties, bolts, piles, and poles. 
The investments in logging plants are strikingly large. At pres- 
ent more capital is invested for improvements and equipment in 
Pacific coast logging operations than in similar operations in any 
other region of the United States, taking output into consideration. 
Therefore operators have to plan their work a long time in advance 
and be conversant with the most approved methods, not to mention 
mastering the maze of details in any enterprise conducted on a large 
scale. 
The work in every department is specialized, each requiring a few 
technically trained men and a large percentage of skilled workmen. 
This is made necessary by the size of the operations, the complexity 
of the methods and equipment used, and the timber-utilization prob- 
lems encountered. Trees 6, 8, or 10 feet in diameter, standing on 
rough, steep ground, are felled and converted into logs in such a way 
that a minimum of waste results; and logs, some of them scaling 
10,000 board feet and weighing 30 tons, are dragged with great 
dispatch over the ground or swung down steep slopes and over deep 
canyons on overhead cables. 
The term "logging," as commonly used, covers all the work of 
handling logs from standing timber to the sawmill. It can be 
divided into several steps. These, as well as the methods and equip- 
ment used, are not always distinctive, so that the subject is very 
involved and a classified treatment is essential. In this bulletin each 
step is treated separately in the order in which it occurs, which is as 
follows : 
1. Felling and bucking. 
2. Yarding, swinging, and roading. 
3. Loading. 
4. Railroad transportation. 
