LOGGING IN" THE DOUGLAS FIE REGION". 141 
ground as well as overhead work. The basis of the resultant engine 
is one of the standard compound-geared yarding engines. It has 11 
by 13 inch cylinders, four drums, and an extended fire-box type of 
boiler. The gear ratio was changed so that a considerable portion 
of the power exerted by the main-line drum was sacrificed for in- 
creased speed. The four drums are all located within the frame 
and rotate in the same direction, taking the lead of the line on top. 
The main and trip drums are located as in the case of an ordinary 
compound-geared yarding engine, the main drum being used to 
operate the standing line, the trip drum to return the carriage. 
Immediately in front of these two drums there is a shaft carrying 
the haul-in and straw-line drums. The gear on this shaft is driven 
through an intermediate gear, which meshes directly with the trip- 
drum gear. The haul-in drum has a capacity of 2,700 feet of 1^-inch 
line and a speed of about 600 feet per minute. The trip drum has a 
capacity of about 3,500 feet of f-inch line and a speed of about 1,500 
feet per minute. This trip drum is equipped with a large steam- 
operated brake for the purpose of snubbing the load down steep 
slopes. The brake is so designed that a varying pressure is obtain- 
able, making it possible for the engineer to control the log under all 
conditions. The main drum is equipped with a ratchet and pawl 
for holding the standing line, since it is seldom necessary to raise or 
lower it. This drum is also provided with a large brake, so that, 
with the pawl released, the standing line may be slackened gradually. 
The net price of the engine f. o. b. Portland is approximately $6,500. 
The diameter and length of the standing line depend on the size 
of the timber, the length of the span, and the amount of deflection 
that can be secured. The standing lines used have ranged from 1J 
to 1J inches in diameter. One operator who has had considerable 
experience with the system is of the opinion that a 1^-inch cable 
is large enough for logs scaling 2,000 feet, and that If -inch cable 
should be used when the logs average from 2,000 to 4,000 feet in 
volume ; that is, where the span does not exceed 1,500 feet. The sys- 
tem has given entire satisfaction when hauling as far as 1,600 feet. 
The haul-in or yarding line is generally 1-J inches in diameter, 
the length depending on the distance between the head and tail tree, 
the distance logged on each side of the standing line, and the dis- 
tance the engine is from the head tree. It is economical to yard 
logs lying from 150 to 200 feet on either side of the standing line. 
To go farther results in too much strain on the equipment, also the 
danger of uprooting the tail tree. The wear on the yarding line 
when yarding downhill is almost negligible, except on that portion 
on which the yarding block rides. The records of one company that 
is using this system to haul downhill show that one lj-inch haul-in 
line was usod to yard 9,0000,000 feet, the line retaining 50 per cent 
