LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION". 143 
ideal conditions the distance is a little greater than the maximum 
yarding distance. 
In swinging, the yarding crew is the same as when the logs are 
single hauled. The crew used with a.' swing engine depends for the 
most part on the character of the country and output. As a rule, it 
is approximately as follows : 
1 engineer. 
1 fireman. 
1 wood buck. 
1 booker on. 
1 chaser. 
If the chance is bad, an additional chaser may be necessan 7 . In 
some cases no wood-buck wages, or only half the wages of a wood 
buck, are charged against this crew. The wages paid this class of 
labor are discussed under " Ground yarding." 
The equipment, supplies, etc, used with a swing engine are prac- 
tically the same as those used with a ground yarding engine. Both 
simple and compound geared engines are used. If the swinging dis- 
tance is great, a simple-geared engine is used, since it has the larger 
drum -capacity. Under most conditions the simple-geared engine is 
preferred. The maintenance, replacement, and depreciation of equip- 
ment, also the cost of supplies, in connection with swing engine are 
little less than with a ground yarding engine. (See " Ground yard- 
ing.») 
OVERHEAD SWINGING. 
In mountainous country overhead logging systems are particularly 
adapted for swinging, since on steep mountain sides logs may be 
swung 2,000 feet or more at a very small cost for improvements. 
Any one of the three systems of " overhead yarding " may be used 
to swing logs this distance, provided, of course, the lay of the land 
is such that the necessary deflection in the line can be secured. 
In one case the operator was confronted with the problem of swing- 
ing timber 2,000 feet down a mountain side from a plateau to the 
railroad below. A ground yarding engine was set at the top of 
the hill, near the base of the tail tree, to assemble the logs to be 
swung. Eighteen hundred feet down the mountain side the head 
tree was located, the rise of the land for about one-half of this dis- 
tance from the head tree being gentle, the rest being very abrupt, 
providing ample deflection for the standing line. A wide-drum 
ground engine was set at the railroad. The logs were -swung from 
the tail tree at the top of the slope to the head tree by the North Bend 
overhead system, an especially constructed engine being used. They 
were hauled the remainder of the distance to the track by the ground 
engine, where they were loaded on cars with the gin pole and crotch 
