LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIE REGION". 
149 
Fig. 55. — Road roller. 
Lines. — The lines are the same size as those used in ground yard- 
ing, in some cases a little smaller. The trip line is roughly twice 
the length of the hauling line. 
Grabs, dogs, and hooks. — Many kinds of equipment and methods 
are used to fasten the logs together in a turn. Ordinarily the logs 
are connected one behind the other with 
grabs or dogs. The grabs are made in 
different forms and the methods of using 
them differ somewhat. Figure 53 shows a 
pair of grabs, the cost of which amounts 
to $6 or $7. A pair of grabs is inserted 
in the end of each log, the grabs on the 
adjoining logs being connected with a 
short piece of cable. Some operators fasten the logs together with 
dogs of the type shown in figure 54. Two dogs are inserted in the 
end of each log on opposite sides, the short pieces of cable con- 
necting the dogs of adjoining logs crossing each 
other in the form of an X. Dogs cost from $2 to $5 
per pair. In some cases only the last two logs are 
dogged together, and the outer end of the main line 
is attached to the next to the last log with double 
chain grab hooks. 
Blocks. — The number and type of blocks used in 
roading depend on the character of the road and the 
length of haul. In a general way, the same blocks 
are used in roading as in ground yarding. No large 
butt-chain lead blocks, however, are necessary. 
Boilers. — When there are turns in the road, rollers 
are placed vertically on stumps or posts to keep the 
line leading with the load, to prevent wear on the 
cable, and to reduce friction. Eollers are also placed 
on the high points to prevent wear from downward 
pressure. Figure 55 shows one of the types of rollers used. The 
selling price in 1916 of this roller, smooth or corrugated, when made 
of manganese steel was as follows : 
Fig. 56. — Road 
hook. 
Net selling price. 
8 by 12 inch, with 2-inch shaft $32 
8 by 16 inch, with 2-inch shaft 36 
10 by 16 inch, with 2i-inch shaft 40 
Where the logs are pushed or kicked over the pole road instead 
of being pulled, a hook taking the form of the one shown in figure 
56 is sometimes used. The guard lies back against the shank of the 
