172 BULLETIN 711, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
creases. Putting it another way, the number of landings increases as 
the maximum transportation distance from the stump to the land- 
ings decreases. More landings are necessary where all the timber is 
yarded direct to the track than where a part of it is swung or roaded, 
especially where a large part of the timber finds its way to the land- 
ings over pole roads. The distance between landings on the same side 
of the track depends on the chance and what the management thinks 
is proper. At one camp, where the ground was practically level, the 
landings on one side of jthe spur tracks were about 850 feet apart ; at 
another, where conditions were practically the same, they were not 
more than 700 feet apart. It would seem that they should never be 
farther apart than 1,300 feet. One company operating in relatively 
level country is building about 50 landings per section; another, 
working in much the same character of country 24 per section ; still 
another, working in mountainous country, where the logs have to 
be transported long distances by logging engines, 6 per section. 
The cost of landings per thousand feet is greater in light stands of 
timber than in heavy stands. While fewer landings are built under 
the former conditions than under the latter, the reduction in the total 
cost because of this is not sufficient to offset the effect of the average 
stand per acre. Table 26 and accompanying discussion give the cost 
of landings per thousand feet at four camps. 
Table 26. — Comparative cost of landings per thousand feet. 
Case. 
Time based on- 
Cost per 
Year. 
thousand 
feet. 
1912 
§0. 09 
1913 
.09 
1912 
.03 
1912 
.085 
1912 
.08 
Location. 
1 year 
(I year 
\1 year 
1 year 
1 year 
Along the Columbia River, Oreg. 
Do. 
Do. 
Flat west of Cascades. 
Case 1.— The cost includes the labor used in clearing sites, building landings, raising gin poles, swinging 
loading rigging on gin poles, digging engine settings, etc., in fact, everything except the moving of yarding 
-and loading engines. Landings of the type shown in figure 61 were used. The country was practically 
level. 
Case 2. — The cost includes the same items of expense as in the previous case. In 1913, because of the 
character of the country, a larger number of landings were constructed, which is largely reponsible for a 
higher cost than in 1912. The country logged in 1912 was very mountainous. 
Case 3. — The cost includes the same items of expense as in the first case. Landings of the type shown in 
figure 64 were used. Some of the timber was double hauled. 
Case 4. — The cost includes the labor used in constructing landings of the type shown in figure 60. All 
the timber Avas single-hauled. 
As a rule landings are constructed by the same crew that clears 
the right of way for the spur railroads. Table 27, which shows the 
cost of three landings, indicates the division of labor, also the 
character of work. It will also serve to indicate how the cost of 
landings can vary because of what is included. 
