LOGGING IX THE DOUGLAS FIE REGION. 183 
accuracy required and the roughness of the country. Such a map 
furnishes a basis for the preliminary location. 
The reconnaissance of the main line having been completed and a 
route selected, the next thing is to make a preliminary cSurvey of the 
main line for the following purposes: To determine the relative 
merits of alternative routes that have been examined on the recon- 
naissance ; to obtain the necessary information for making a map and 
a profile of the route; to furnish data from which to project the loca- 
tion; to determine the approximate amount of work to be done in the 
matter of clearing, grading, and bridging; and to furnish data for 
an approximate estimate of the cost of all materials and labor 
required for the proposed road. 
While most of the large companies employ a logging engineer to 
lay out their logging spurs, some have this work performed by the 
camp foremen. In the former case the engineer, in cooperation with 
the superintendent or foreman, roughly determines the routes of 
the spurs. This cooperation insures the maintenance of the proper 
balance between the railroad and the logging. The preliminary sur- 
vey is then made. The engineer is aided by one or two rodmen and 
two or more axmen, depending on the density of the brush. As a 
rule, the engineer uses a transit on preliminary work, because of the 
accuracy demanded in the final results. The foreman generally uses 
a compass and a hand level of the Abney type. 
The line is fitted to the ground in such a manner as to secure the 
best adjustment of the alignment and grade consistent with an eco- 
nomical cost of construction. If no topographic map is available, 
the work of location is done directly on the ground. In many 
cases, however, a contour map is prepared from the data secured 
by the preliminary survey, on which the location is projected. 
Logging engineers may be emplo} T ed by the month or year, at a 
salary ranging from $100 to $150 per month. In either case they 
may devote much of their time to mapping. In some cases engineers 
are used only on particularly difficult locations, being paid by the 
day. Arrangements are sometimes made whereby an engineer di- 
vides his time between two or more camps. The cost of engineering- 
ranges from $150 to $100 per mile. 
EIGHTS OF WAY. 
Not infrequently logging railroads have to be built across the 
land of others. Under such conditions the land may be bought at 
private sale or it may be leased for a period sufficient to permit the 
removal of the timber. The second is the more satisfactory method, 
since a narrow strip of land is of little value to the owner, and it 
