LOGGIXG IN THE DOUGLAS FIE REGION. 
187 
yard, the material being measured " in place " — that is, in the natural bank 
before it has been disturbed. It is customary to classify the material to 
be moved, and to regulate the price accordingly. The classification and quan- 
tity of material moved are determined by the supervising engineer. 
The following standard classification is in extensive use : 
(a) Earth, loam, sand, gravel, or clay. Material that can be handled with 
a pick and shovel, or that' can be plowed easily. 
(&) Hardpan. Very dense clays and gravels, cemented with iron oxide. 
Soft shales that are easily worked may also be included. 
(c) Loose rock. Shales and other rock that can be quarried without blast- 
ing, although blasting may be resorted to occasionally. 
(d) Solid rock. Material requiring blasting for removal. 
The contract price per cubic yard for the removal of earth or rock usually 
includes excavating, hauling, and placing the material in a fill or waste pit. 
It is not customary to pay for making a cut and also to pay for a fill made 
from the same material ; in other words, payment for a cubic yard is made but 
once. Grading contracts may have an overhaul clause which provides that for 
all earth hauled more than a specified distance ("free haul") the contractor 
shall be paid a stated sum per cubic yard for each 100 feet of overhaul. On 
logging operations the length of free haul ranges from 100 to 500 feet. 
The price paid for moving material varies greatly in different regions and 
is influenced by the length of haul, the kind of material moved, the character 
of classification, the degree of accuracy used in actual classification, and the 
season of the year ; the cost of winter work being about 25 per cent higher 
than that of work done during the summer. 
The following prices were paid on logging railroad operations and repre- 
sent general contract prices on work of this character. The average work 
on logging roads, except on the Pacific coast, usually presents no special prob- 
lems, and can be performed with simple equipment which does not require a 
heavy financial outlay. Loggers are able, therefore, to contract with local 
men on favorable terms. 
Alabama. 
Louisi- 
ana. 
Texas 
and 
Arkan- 
sas. 
Washington. 
Material. 
Contract 
price. 
Free 
haul. 
Bonus 
for 
overhaul 
per 100 
feet. 
Contract 
price. 1 
Contract 
price. 1 
Contract 
price. 1 
Free 
haul. 
Bonus 
for 
overhaul 
per 100 
feet. 
Earth 
Cents. 
25 
Feet. 
300 
Cents. 
0.5 
. 5 
.5 
.5 
Cents. 
14 
Cents. 
20 
Cents. 
16- 20 
25 
Feet. 
100 
Cents. 
n. a 
Hardpan 
100 < .5 
Loose rock 35 
300 
300 
35- 45 
75-125 
100 .5 
Solid rock 
65 
100 .5 
1 No limit to free haul, but it was not great in any case. 
Much of the grading for logging railroads is done by hand; that 
is, by pick and shovel work. This is particularly true of sidehill work 
where the bank may be picked away and shoveled to the lower side. 
Light work on fairly level ground is done in the same way, the dirt 
being borrowed from ditches or borrow pits. Frequently, moderate- 
sized cuts and fills, under favorable soil conditions, are handled in 
