LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 211 
The relative value of the three kinds of fuel is approximately as 
follows : 
One ton of good grade bituminous coal is equivalent to 1-J cords of 
oak wood or from 2 to 2J- cords of soft wood, and from 130 to 190 
gallons of crude oil. For example, in one case 1 ton of coal did the 
work of 3 barrels of oil. The distance from the camp to the dump 
was 20 miles. A 60-ton locomotive made two trips per day, the total 
distance traveled amounting to 80 miles. When hauling 120,000 feet 
per trip, 6 tons of coal costing $4.25 per ton were consumed per day, 
and when hauling the same volume of timber per trip 18 barrels of 
oil, costing $1.10 per barrel, were consumed, a saving of $4.50 per 
day resulting from the use of oil. 
The amount of fuel consumed daily by logging locomotives is ex- 
tremely variable, depending on the mileage traveled, the loads hauled, 
the number of heavy grades encountered, and the efficiency of the 
fireman. Roughly, a logging locomotive burns from 150 to 200 
pounds of coal per mile, 150 pounds when the grades do not exceed 
2 per cent, 175 pounds when the grades range between 2 and 5 per 
cent, and 200 pounds when they exceed 5 per cent. These approxi- 
mations are based on a 50-ton geared locomotive making about 
36 miles per day. Using these figures and assuming that 1 ton of 
coal is equivalent to 3 barrels (126 gallons) of oil, a locomotive burns 
about 9-jJ- gallons of oil per mile when the grades do not exceed 2 per 
cent, 11 gallons when the grades range between 2 and 5 per cent, 
and 12| gallons when the grades exceed 5 per cent. On the same 
basis a logging locomotive will burn from 5 to 8 cords of split wood 
per day. 
The cost of oil is discussed under " Ground yarding." Coal deliv- 
ered costs from $4 to $5 per ton. Split wood costs from $1.75 to $2.50 
per cord when cut into 22 -inch lengths and delivered along the track. 
Miscellaneous costs. — The cost of lubricants, waste, etc., amounts 
to from $0.01 to $0.02 per thousand feet. 
MAINTENANCE OF LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS. 
Repairs to locomotives and cars are made by the blacksmith and 
machine shop department or by some one connected with it. This 
department also repairs the logging engines and other equipment. 
Of course, some repairs are made on this equipment by the operating 
crew. Operators prefer to make the heavy repairs during the slack 
seasons or during shutdowns. 
Investment in shops. — The investment in the blacksmith and ma- 
chine shops ranges from $1,000 to $8,000. Ordinarily it amounts to 
from $4,000 to $5,000. In many cases these shops suffice for both the 
mill and the logging camp. 
