LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 217 
Per day. 
Engineer $4. 00 
Fireman 3. 25 
Brakeman 4. 00 
(b) Maintenance of trucks: This includes the maintenance of 56 
sets of trucks. 
RAILROAD INCLINES. 
Inclined tracks for lowering logs are becoming an important engi- 
neering feature of logging operations. They have been used a long 
time in the region, but only in connection with short inclines of light 
grades and where ordinary logging engines furnished the power to 
raise or lower the roads. It is only within the past six years that 
operators began to consider it practical to lower loaded cars for long- 
distances over heavy grades and with specially constructed equip- 
ment. 
Heretofore large bodies of timber standing on plateaus or on 
mountain sides high above the main-line railroad were reached by 
a series of switchbacks or detours. If the amount of timber did not 
make such a railroad practical, chutes were used. In either case 
the expense of moving the timber was large. At the present time 
long inclines are used to transport logs from plateaus to the lower 
levels, the incline in such cases connecting two systems of railroads, 
one on the plateau and the other on the flat below ; or to lower logs 
cut on mountain sides, such inclines running practically straight 
up the slope, with lateral spurs radiating from them. 
The roadbed of inclines does not demand the heavy construc- 
tion required where trains pass, because there is no pounding action 
such as is produced by a locomotive. An uneven grade is not a se- 
rious handicap unless there are portions where the grades are so 
gentle that cars will not be pulled to the foot of the incline by 
gravity. While it is desirable that inclines be built in a straight 
line, it is not strictly essential. 
There are two systems of inclines in use; the one-way incline, in 
which one or more loaded cars are lowered on the down trip, the 
empties being returned on the up trip ; and the counterbalanced sys- 
tem, in which a loaded car descends as the empty car ascends. 
COUNTERBALANCED INCLINE. 
The first long railroad incline to be used in a logging operation on 
the Pacific coast is of the counterbalanced type. This incline was 
put in operation in 1912, and it is still the longest incline in use in 
the region. It has a length of 8.000 feet and a fall of 3,100 feet, 
which means that the grade averages 15 per cent. The grade is very 
uneven, varying between a maximum of 78 per cent and a minimum 
of 10 per cent. 
