LOGGING IN THE DOUGLAS FIE KEGION. 227 
from 15 to 25 degrees. The upper ends are placed slightly below the 
level of the car bunks. As a rule, every third or fourth timber is shod 
with railroad iron. The total cost of a 60-foot dump of this type, 
including labor, material, supplies, etc., and excluding the cost of the 
track, is about $500. 
Quite often, as has been indicated, the dump is built on piling over 
the water. The trestle, for the dump proper, may be long enough to 
accommodate 20 cars or more. An additional length of trestle is 
usually necessary to get the cars to deep water. To protect the 
trestle from falling logs, a row of piling is driven flush with the 
ends of the ties and far enough from the rail to permit the passage 
of cars. This row of piling, forming an unbroken wall, is capped 
with a brow skid, the top of which is a little below the top of the car 
bunks. It is usually faced with a similar row of piling, the second 
row being beveled off at the top. If a stationary unloading machine 
is to be used, the dump proper is not more than 70 or 80 feet in length 
and placed at the most advantageous point, taking into consideration 
the depth of the water and the arrangement for sorting and rafting. 
The cost of dumps of this character varies greatly, for the most 
part because of the differences in the type, size, and location. The 
method of unloading also influences it. With these factors known, 
it is possible to estimate the cost with substantial accuracy. The cost 
data given under the head of " Kailroad transportation " will assist 
in making an estimate. Further assistance can be secured from cost 
data published for the use of engineers. The price of piling de- 
livered to a given location, the contract price of driving, and the cost 
of sawed timber can be learned. If the trestle is built over salt water, 
the maintenance cost will be much higher than if it is built over fresh 
water. 
PRICE OF PILING. 
The price of piling varies from 6 1/2 to 10 cents per linear foot. 
Douglas fir is usually used, although hemlock is sometimes used in 
small quantities. The selling prices of winter-cut Douglas fir piling, 
with 10-inch tops, delivered to the tidewater of Puget Sound, was 
approximately as follows in April, 1916 : 
Cost per linear foot. 
25 to 40 foot piles $0,080 
45 to 50 foot piles .085 
55 foot piles .090 
The specifications for piling may include the following: That 
piles 20 to 30 feet in length shall have 9-inch tops ; that piling 30 feet 
or over in length shall have 10-inch tops ; that the piling shall not be 
less than 14 inches nor more than 22 inches in diameter at a point 
6 inches from the butt end; that there shall not be more than 1£ 
