LOGGING 1ST THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 229 
The cost of a bent with 15-foot centers is approximately as follows : 
5 piles, driven and capped (material and labor), at $10 per pile_l $50.00 
2,200 feet of timbers in place, including labor and material (timber, 
iron, spikes, bolts), at $19 per thousand feet 41.80 
Total cost per bent 91.80 
The following indicates the character, size, and amount of mate- 
rial used : 
5 piles, averaging 40 feet in length. 
1 cap, 12 by 14 inches by 14 feet. 
2 sway braces, 3 by 10 inches by 14 feet. 
6 stringers, 8 by 16 inches by 15 feet. 
12 ties, 6 by 8 inches by 12 feet. 
3 ties, 6 by 8 inches by 14 feet. 
2 guard rails, 6 by 8 inches by 15 feet. 
2 planks, 2 by 12 inches by 15 feet. 
30 boat spikes. 
6 bolts, f by 11 inches. 
4 bolts, f by 19 inches. 
4 bolts, 1 by 29 inches. 
5 drift bolts, | by 24 inches. 
4 drift bolts, f by 32 inches. 
METHODS. 
STJPEBELEVATED BAIL. 
A number of operators unload their logs very satisfactorily by 
means of a superelevated track. The railroad track is laid parallel 
with the dump and so that the top of a car in passing will be about 
6 inches away from it. The outer rail is elevated from 12 to 16 
inches, thus throwing the side of the car next the dump at a lower 
level. Most of the logs will roll from the car into the water when 
the car stakes are removed, the dogs on the car bunks lowered, or 
the binder chains loosened. The remainder of the logs are rolled off 
the car by means of logging jacks, levers, or makeshift gill pokes. 
This is one of the simplest methods of unloading, being extensively 
used, especially where the output is small and the logs are dumped 
into a mill pond. It may be used with all types of dumps. 
LOGGING JACKS. 
The depth of the water and the height of the track above the 
water may make it necessary to clump the logs at different points 
along the dump rather than at one point. Under such conditions, 
if the output is small or if the train crew is not crowded, it may be 
economical for the train crew to unload the logs with logging jacks. 
To facilitate unloading with this method, the track is slightly super- 
elevated, which results in some of the logs rolling from the cars 
