LOGGING IX THE DOUGLAS FIR REGION. 241 
sold all the logs produced by his camp at an average price per 
thousand feet regardless of the percentage of the several species or 
the size and quality of the logs. At that time, when the selling price 
of the logs was low. or when the price of stumpage was low and the 
cost of logging considerably less than it is now. this method seems 
to have been satisfactory. As the price of logs advanced, the prac- 
tice of selling on the basis of species and grades sprang up. Xow the 
bulk of the log output of independent loggers is sold on this basis. 
Furthermore, independent loggers are giving considerable attention 
to the matter of further standardizing existing grades, also the 
question of the feasibility of increasing the number of grades. That 
there should be satisfactory standard grades for logs and that the 
grades should be as numerous as is practical can not be questioned. 
The loggers of British Columbia seem to have gone farther in the 
way of denning the log grades than those of the Columbia Eiver and 
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Fig. S2. — Booming and rafting works. 
Puget Sound regions, and it would seem that the loggers could go 
still farther in any one of these three regions. 
BAFTIXG. 
Figures 82 and 83 show the sorting and rafting works in the case 
of two operations in the Puget Sound region. All works of this kind 
in this region are much the same, any differences, for the most part, 
being the result of differences in location and capacity. The main, 
or sorting, pocket, into which the logs are dumped, is a large area 
surrounded by logs chained end to end and held in place by piling. 
The rafting pockets, lanes leading off from the sorting pocket, are 
about 75 feet wide and from 800 to 1.000 feet long, and consist of 
parallel rows of piling, the piles being driven from 15 to 60 feet apart. 
Dolphins, consisting of three, four, or five piles driven in a cluster and 
bound together with a cable, are located at several points for mooring 
posts for tug boats and completed rafts. In addition to these im- 
61361°— Bull. 711—18 16 
