THE GRAPE LEAFHOPPEK IX THE LAKE ERIE VALLEY. 35 
In 1843 J. F. Allen (see Bibliography) advised syringing or spraying 
infested vines and also smoking them by burning tobacco stalks. 
Since this date the use of tobacco in both of the forms mentioned has 
occupied a prominent place among substances recommended for the 
control of the grape leafhopper. The former method, that of fumiga- 
tion, however, was impracticable for the open vineyard. In fact, it 
is quite probable that the process of fumigation with tobacco was 
originally intended for use against the insect when found infesting 
grapevines growing in hothouses which could be closed during the 
period of treatment. On the other hand, the use of a liquid tobacco 
decoction has withstood the test of numerous experiments in com- 
parison with a large number of liquid spray materials and at the 
present time is the insecticide most generally recommended in making 
spray applications against the nymphs. 
In the following paragraphs is presented a list of substances and 
mechanical methods either experimented with or recommended by 
various entomologists (see Bibliography) since this insect has been 
a pest of economic importance: 
Liquid sprays.— -Syringing with tobacco water or soapsuds (W. Saunders, 1870). 
Spraying with carbolic acid (W. L. Devereaux. Rural New Yorker, 1883). Spraying 
with kerosene and water, or sheep dip (0. Lugger. 1896). Spraying the adults 
with kerosene and water and the nymphs with whale-oil soap (M. V. Slingerland 1904). 
Dust sprays. — Dusting with lime and sulphur (C. J. S. Bethune. 1868). Dusting 
with hellebore (W. Saunders, 1870). 
Other mechanical methods. — The use of sticky shields to trap the adults: torches to 
attract the adults (C. V. Riley. 1873). Destruction of leaves to destroy adults in 
hibernation (A. J. Cook. 1875). Sticky shields and cloth wet with kerosene to trap 
adults i J. A. Lintner, 1887). Sheets of cardboard smeared with tar to trap adults 
(F. M. Webster, 1893). Burning of leaves and rubbish in and surrounding vineyards 
to destroy adults in hibernation (O. Lugger, 1896). Sticky fans to catch adults as they 
fly from vines; collecting nets to catch adults (C. W. Woodworth, 1897 (. Box or cage 
having inside smeared with a sticky substance; the cage is placed over the infested 
vine and the •'hoppers" are caught on the sticky sides and bottom of the cage I H. J. 
Quayle, 1908) . Sticky shields held on both sides of the trellis (M. V. Slingerland, 1904) . 
Many of the methods of control mentioned in the foregoing para- 
graphs have been recommended by various other authors treating 
this subject. The foregoing simply indicate the date of their first 
mention in literature. 
In his experimental work in vineyards in Chautauqua County, 
N. Y., Slingerland carried on quite extensive experiments with 
sticky shields for catching the adults before the commencement of 
egg deposition, the most practical shield for trellised vineyards being 
constructed and used as follows: 
Make a light wooden frame about seven or eight feet long and four feet wide, hav- 
ing the bottom crosspiece about a foot from the ground and fasten to this stiff wires 
extending down nearly to the groimd and bent inward something like hay-rake teeth. 
Tack over this a strip of table oilcloth 1\ yards wide and let it extend down over the 
