2 BULLETIX 19, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
of its habits and destructiveness, the kinds of remedies that have 
been devised for its control, and the nature of the spray equipment 
and spray material which, in recent experiments, have proved most 
effective in holding the pest in check. 
HISTORY. 1 
The first published record of this insect was made in 1825, when 
specimens from Missouri were described under the name Tdtigonia 
comes by Thomas Say. It was next mentioned by Fessenden in 
1828 as being a serious pest in Massachusetts. In 1841 T. M. Harris, 
in his Massachusetts report for that year entitled " Insects Injurious 
to Vegetation," gives a detailed description of the insect and an 
account of its habits, life history, and injury to the grapevine. These 
observations of Harris coincide quite closely with those recorded by 
the more recent workers who have taken up the study of this pest. 
Since the date of Harris's report the grape leafhopper has become in- 
creasingly prominent as a vineyard pest, and in almost all parts of this 
country and Canada it has, at some time or other, appeared in suffi- 
cient numbers to prove a real menace to the grape-growing industry. 
Although frequent mention of its injurious occurrence in many parts 
of the country since 1841 is to be found in entomological literature, 
but little original study, from an economic point of view, seems to 
have been bestowed upon this insect, for most of the references have 
the appearance of being taken from Harris's account. 
During this time, however, a great variety of forms of this species 
had been collected, and as a result no less than six different specific 
names had been given it. In 1898 the subfamily Typhlocybinae was 
the subject of a special study by Prof. C. P. Gillette, who worked 
out the synonymy of the insect as follows: 
Typhlocyba comes Say, 1825. 
Variety basilaris Say, 1825. 
Variety vitis Harris. 1831. 
Variety affinis Fitch, 1851. 
Variety vitifex Fitch, 185,6. 
Variety ziezac Walsh. 1864. 
Variety octonotata Walsh. 1864. 
Variety coloradensis Gillette, 1892. 
Variety maculata Gillette, 1898. 
Variety scutellaris Gillette, 1898. 
Variety rubra Gillette, 1898. 
Variety infuscata Gillette. 1898. 
By 1897 it had become so serious a vineyard pest in California as 
to l)e placed next in destructive importance to the grape Phylloxera 
(Phylloxera vastatrix Planch.) and was the subject of a detailed 
1 The titles of papers and books, and their places of publication, are not given under this and other 
headings, but may be found in the Bibliography, pp. 4o-47, by looking for the year indicated and, 
under that, for the author. 
