30 BULLETIN 249, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGBXCULTUKE, 
It should be borne in mind, however, that some of the requirements 
■which they contain are necessarily tentative and will probably be 
modified as experience demonstrates what methods of construction 
produce the best results. 
APPENDIX. 
Typical Specifications for Grading, Building all Necessary Drainage Struc- 
tures, and Surfacing With Concrete the — Road. 
LOCATION. 
The work referred to in these specifications is to be done on the road, 
beginning at and extending in a direction through to 
, a distance of miles. 
WORK TO BE DONE. 
The contractor shall do all clearing and grubbing, make all excavations and 
embankments, do all shaping and surfacing, construct all drainage structures 
and other appertaining structures, move all obstructions in the line of the work, 
and, unless otherwise provided in these specifications, shall furnish all equip- 
ment, materials, and labor for the same. In short, the contractor shall build 
said road in strict accordance with the plans and specifications and shall leave 
the work in neat and finished condition. 
PLANS AND DRAWINGS. 
The plans, profiles, cross sections, and drawings on file in the office of 
at show the location, profile, details, and dimensions of the work which 
is to be done, and shall be considered as a part of these specifications. The 
work shall be constructed according to the above-mentioned plans, profiles, 
cross sections, and drawings. Any variation therefrom, as may be required 
by the exigencies of construction, will in all cases be determined by the 
engineer. On all drawings figured dimensions are to govern in cases of dis- 
crepancies between scale and figures. 
GRADING. 
Grading shall include all excavating, filling, borrowing, trimming, picking 
down, shaping, sloping, and all other work that may be necessary in bringing 
the road to the required grade, alignment, and cross section ; the clearing out 
of waterways and old culverts; the excavation of all necessary drainage and 
outlet ditches ; tne grading of a proper connection with all intersecting high- 
ways; the grubbing up and clearing away of all trees, stumps, and boulders 
within the lines of the improvement, and the removal of any muck, soft clay, 
or spongy material which will not compact under the roller so as to make a 
firm unyielding snbgrade. 
All trees, stumps, and roots within the limits of the improvement shall be 
grubbed up so that no part of them shall be within six (6) inches of the 
surface of the ground or within eighteen (IS) inches of the surface of the 
subgrade, except that, if they occur in an area to be covered by a fill more than 
eighteen (18) inches in depth, they shall be grubbed up or cut off even with 
the present surface of the ground. 
Embankments shall be formed of good sound earth or stone and carried up 
full width. The material shall be deposited in layers not more than one (1) 
foot in thickness and each layer shall be rolled until thoroughly compacted 
