18 BULLETIN 55, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
winter and sawed into 4-foot sticks, which are piled and later hauled 
to water or rail on sleds, there is generally no difference in the methods 
of logging for pulp or lumber, except, perhaps, that the former is 
marked by closer utilization. The trees are usually cut down and 
topped off with the ax. Stumps run from 1.5 to 2 feet in height; 
most are cut pretty close to the root swelling. Logs may be even 
lengths up to 40 or 50 feet. In a pulp cut, however, the lengths are 
not carefully measured. 
The stumpage price of balsam when not cut with spruce is in the 
neighborhood of $3.50 per 1,000 board feet, while spruce stumpage 
ranges from $4 to $7, a conservative average being about $5. Timber 
more than one-half mile from a landing is yarded; that is, put in piles 
of 20,000 to 50,000 board feet, and is hauled in February and March, 
when the snow is good. Hauling costs 50 cents per 1,000 board feet 
per mile. In addition, it takes four men at the yard to shovel snow off 
the piles and help load. Three men are required at the landing to 
mark and roll the logs. Each logger within one-half mile of a landing 
hauls as many logs as possible direct to the landing without yarding: 
this saves the cost of handling the logs twice. Thus, while the cost 
of hauling direct to the landing maynot be over 14 per 1,000 board feet, 
yarding and then hauling increases the cost of getting out the logs 
to the landing to about $7 per 1,000 board feet. This cost, however, 
varies with the number and size of the logs, the distance to drag or 
haul, and the ease with which the timber can be reached. Dense 
undergrowth, necessitating the addition of one or more swampers to 
the crew, will, for instance, increase the cost of getting logs to the 
landing. 
From $6.50 to $7 ought to cover, on an average, the cost of get ting- 
logs to the landing. Long drives, interrupted by large stretches of 
dead water, make driving an important item in Maine. There are 
two kinds of log drives, brook and river. In a brook drive the logs 
are driven by the individual lumberman; river driving is done by a 
corporation composed of the lumbermen who have logs in the river. 
Balsam is driven along with spruce and, except for its greater 
sinkage on long drives, behaves in almost the same way. It seldom 
causes a jam, for if a balsam log gets crosswise in a bad place it 
usually breaks. Spruce, on the other hand, would hang and perhaps 
start a jam. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT. 
In New Hampshire and Vermont methods of logging essentially 
resemble those of Maine, but in places acquire some of the New York 
features of pulpwood cutting. Occasionally both are modified to 
meet local conditions. 
