6 
BULLETIN 55, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
The characteristic ground cover 
Utter (15 per cent), is as follows: 
Moss (60 per cent): 
Common — 
Fern moss (Hylocomuim proliferum). 
Scale moss. 
Ferns (5 per cent) : 
Common— 
Spinulose shield fern (Dryopteris spinulosa. 
Lady fern (Asplenium felixfemina). 
Flowering plants (20 per cent): 
Common- 
Wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella). 
Bunchberry ( Cornus canadensis). 
Creeping wintergreen ( CMogenes hispidvla). 
Clintonia ( Clintonia borealis). 
Sarsaparilla st. (Aralia nudicaulis). 
Dalibarda (Dalibarda repens). 
Occasional — 
Trillium ( Trillium erythrocarpum). 
of the flat, in addition to leaf 
Flowering plants (20 per cent) — Continued. 
Occasional— Continued. 
Chickweed wintergreen ( Trientalis americana). 
Rattlesnake plaintain (Epipactis repens). 
Gold thread ( Coptis trifolia). 
Rare — 
Lady's slipper ( Cypripedium acaule). 
Underbrush: 
Common — 
Hobble bush ( Viburnum lantanoides). 
Withe rod ( Viburnum cassinoides) . 
Mountain ash (Pyrus americana). 
Occasional — 
Swamp honeysuckle (Lonicera oblongifolia). 
Mountain maple (Acer spicatum). 
Service berry (Amelanchier canadensis). 
Beaked hazelnut ( Corylus rostrata). 
HARDWOOD SLOPE. 
This is the best-drained type. In it hardwood leaf litter, instead 
of mosses, forms the chief ground cover. 
On the slopes balsam fir never occurs in pure stands, but grows 
scatteringly among red spruce and large-sized hardwoods. The 
principal species of hardwoods are yellow birch, red maple, sugar 
maple, and beech. Here balsam fir, provided it is not too heavily 
shaded, grows rapidly and becomes comparatively large and tall, 
reaching on the slopes, in fact, its best individual development. It 
is apt to be very defective, however, and is especially liable to ground 
rot unless it grows near a brook or spring which furnishes a plentiful 
supply of water to its roots. 
The characteristic ground cover of the hardwood slope besides 
leaf Utter (40 per cent) is as follows : 
Mosses (5 per cent): 
Occasional — 
Plume moss (Hypnum crista-castrensis). 
Crane moss (Dicranumfuloum). 
Shaggy moss (Hylocomium triquitrum). 
Mountain fern moss (Hylocomium proliferium). 
Fern and fern allies (80 per cent): 
Common — 
Spinulose shield fern (Dryopteris spinulosa). 
Shining club moss (Lycopodium lucidulum). 
Occasional — 
Hayscented fern (Dicksonia pilosiuscula). 
Lady fern (Asplenium felixfemina). 
Ground pine (Lycopodium complanatum) . 
New York fern (Aspidium noveboracense). 
Silvery spleen wort (Asplenium thelyteroides). 
Rare- 
Common polippod (Polypodium vulgar e). 
Long beech fern (Phegopteris polypodioides). 
Flowering plants (25 per cent): 
Common- 
Wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella). 
Bunchberry ( Cornus canadensis). 
Wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis). 
Clintonia ( Clintonia borealis). 
Painted trillium ( Trillium erythrocarpum) 
Fowering plants (25 per cent) — Continued. 
Occasional — 
Two-leaved Solomon's seal ( Unifolium cana- 
dense). 
Sweet white violet ( Viola blanda palustriformis). 
Twisted stalk (Streptopus amplexifolius). 
Indian cucumber root ( Medeola virginiana). 
Dalibarda (Dalibarda repens). 
Gold thread ( Coptis trifolia). 
Rare — 
Creeping snowberry ( Chiogencs hispidula). 
Indian pipe ( Monotropa uniflora). 
Rattlesnake plantain (Epipactus repens). 
Lady's slipper ( Cypripedium acauh ). 
Habenaria (Habcnaria). 
Underbrush: 
Common — 
Hobble bush ( Viburnum lantanoides). 
Mountain maple (Acer spicatum). 
Striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum). 
Occasional- 
Beaked hazelnut ( Corylus rostrata). 
Swamp honeysuckle (Lonicera oblongifolia). 
Service berry (Amelanchier canadensis). 
