A STUDY IN THE COST OF PRODUCING MILK. 3 
are from dairy sales. The herd consists of about 50 grade and pure- 
bred Jersey cows, one or two bulls, and enough heifers to replace cows 
discarded and maintain the herd at the desired number. The use 
of a pure-bred sire and the careful selection of heifers has enabled the 
owner to increase the value of the herd during the record period. The 
cows are stall-fed the entire year, and silage has an important place 
in the ration. The dairy products are sold as milk, cream, and ice 
cream, and good prices are obtained. 
THE PENNSYLVANIA FARM. 
The Pennsylvania farm is within the market-milk zone of Philadel- 
phia and is an example of the production of market milk on many 
diversified farms where dairying is the principal source of income. 
There is enough rough and rolling pasture land not suitable for culti- 
vation to carry from 40 to 50 head of cattle. The farm contains 
about 200 acres of fertile and rolling land not unlike many other 
farms in the southeastern part of the State and the adjacent parts of 
Maryland. Corn, wheat, and hay are grown in a 6-year rotation. 
It has been found more profitable to sell wheat and a part of the hay 
and to buy some concentrates than to grow all the concentrates 
required for feed. Enough corn is put into silos to make about 200 
tons of silage each year; thus the second-year corn land is cleared in 
time for the sowing of the first-year wheat. 
The herd contains about 35 grade cows, some Holstein and others 
Guernsey; a pure-bred Guernsey bull, and several head of young 
stock. The milk is shipped in 40-quart cans from a near-by station 
to a dealer in Philadelphia. 
THE NORTH CAROLINA FARM. 
The North Carolina farm is in the Coastal Plain region, where dairy- 
ing is a comparatively new enterprise and the prices received for 
milk are relatively high. Feed prices, other than for cottonseed 
products, are also high, for most of the crop land in this region is 
devoted to cotton and bright-leaf tobacco, and grain and forage are 
not produced in quantities sufficient to supply local demand. This 
farm comprises about 120 acres of sandy soil, about hah of which is 
swampy and partially covered with soft pine. The swampy woodland 
furnishes some pasture. About one-quarter of the crop land is 
devoted to cotton and tobacco, and the rest to corn, winter oats, cow- 
peas, and clover, most of which is fed to cows and work stock. Two 
feed crops can be grown each year. On most of the land more feed 
can be grown per acre than on any of the three northern farms, because 
of the longer growing season. The herd is newly established and has 
increased in value during the record period by the introduction of 
pure-bred Holstein heifers. It consists of about 20 cows. The milk 
until 1913 was sold by the gallon to a city dealer.. During 1914 the 
milk was retailed. 
