56 BULLETIN 1077, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
cement and the aggregates, the price and efficiency of labor, and 
the nearness of the work to the unloading stations. These factors 
are entirely dependent upon the location of the work and are seldom 
exactly the same even for two projects in the same locality. 
The most satisfactory method of arriving at the probable cost of 
a proposed pavement is first to ascertain by survey the amount of 
the various kinds of work to be done and the quantities of the ma- 
terials required. An itemized estimate based on these quantities 
and the unit costs which prevail in the community for such work and 
materials may then be made. An intelligent estimate of cost requires 
considerable experience and knowledge of construction work. An 
estimate prepared without this knowledge represents nothing more 
than a blind guess. No attempt will be made to outline the pro- 
cedure followed in making estimates of cost, because the subject 
can not be handled briefly. Following is the list of items included 
in a cost estimate form for one-course concrete pavement construc- 
tion suggested by the Wisconsin Highway Commission. A number 
of these items frequently are overlooked in preparing estimates. 
Item. Operation. 
Cost of sidings and moving equip- (a) Hauling and loading mixer, clamshell, pipe, pump, tools, 
ment to job. camp equipment, industrial equipment, teams, trucks, etc. 
(6) Freight on above. 
(c) Unloading and hauling to job. 
(d) Moving overhead (other than rail shipment). 
(e) Cost of erection of camp, including water supply, storage bins, 
derrick, etc. 
(/) Return of above equipment to storage. (Note. — Item (/) is ap- 
plicable only to job requiring whole season for completion or on last 
job of season.) 
Lost time in moving equipment Number days , at per day. (Lost time to include time 
lost in transit to job, between jobs, or between different set-ups on 
same job.) 
Cement Number barrels in pavement. 
Cost per barrel f. o. b. destination. 
Cost of barrels, at per barrel. 
Cost of unloading, hauling, and covering. 
Cost of storing and rehandling barrels. 
Insurance on stored cement and empty sacks. 
Sack loss. 
Freight return on empty sacks. 
Demurrage. 
Total cost of cement. 
Clamshell and derrick supplies Fuel, oil, etc., only. (Do not include repairs.) 
Fine aggregate Number of cubic yards including waste. 
Cost per ton at pit or quarry. 
Cost per cubic yard at pit or quarry. 
Freight per ton. 
Freight per cubic yard. 
Hauling cost per cubic yard. 
Estimated demurrage $ , divided by total yardage gives cost 
per cubic yard. 
Cost rehandling from stock pile , divided by total yardage gives 
cost per cubic yard. 
Total cost per cubic yard on job. 
