2 BULLETIN 419, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
bicolor Swainson (3), which he considers the female of maculalis. 
In 1854 Guenee (5, p. 189) included in the genus Desmia descrip- 
tions of both maculalis and HubneT's funeralis, the latter being taken 
from Hubner's original figure of the species. Five years later 
Walker (7) reduced Desmia maculalis Westw. to the rank of a syno- 
nym, naturally giving Desmia funeralis Hiibn. priority. 
Following is the synonymy of the species: 
Desmia funera I is . 
Pyralis funeralis Hiibn., Pyral. f. 103, 1796. 
Anania funeralis Hiibn., Verz. Schm. 360, 3449. 
Botys bicolor ? Swain., Zool. Illustr. II, pi. 77. 1821-2. 
Desmia maculalis Westw., Mag. Zool. Class IX, pi. 2. 1832. 
Desmia funeralis (Hiibn.) Guen., Delt. et Pyral. No. 124, p. 190. 1854. 
The history of the grape leaf-folder from an economic standpoint 
began in 1855 with Glover's (6 ; p. 78) description of the injury 
inflicted upon grapevines under glass. The remedy suggested, 
which has been recommended most often since, was hand-picking 
and trampling under foot of the folded leaves, thus killing the larvae. 
Glover had specimens and records of injury from the District of 
Columbia, Columbia, S. C, and Atlanta, Ga. 
In 1868 Riley (9) gave a short description of the insect and its work 
and stated that it was of common occurrence in Illinois. 
Saunders (10), in his "Insects Injurious to the Grape," mentions 
having met with a few specimens of the grape leaf-folder in Ontario, 
Canada. 
In 1897 Hoy (11) stated that Desmia, in Wisconsin, was a great 
pest among the vineyards. 
Bulletin 4 of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station 
(12) states that the insect is very abundant throughout the Southern 
States; the damage wrought by it, however, is slight. The usual 
remedial measure, that of crushing the larvse within the folded leaves, 
is recommended. 
In the same year Woodworth (13) writes that Desmia funeralis is 
an important pest in Arkansas. Here we find the most complete 
account of the life history to date. Six species of insects parasitic 
on the grape leaf-folder were obtained, and the author advises keeping 
the infested leaves, after picking, in a finely screened box in order to 
afford the parasites an opportunity to escape, but yet retain the hosts, 
and thus materially aid in the natural control of the pest. 
The same author (14, p. 71), two years later, informs us that the 
station vineyard at the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station is 
badly infested. He notes a difference in the amount of injury in- 
flicted upon different varieties of grape. 
Riley (16) again refers to the insect, quoting correspondence show- 
ing the leaf-folder to be common in Texas, and Troop (15, p. 74) re- 
