THE PECAN NUT CASE-BEAKER 5 
moth stage. The term " brood " is used in speaking collectively of 
the individuals of any stage of a particular generation, as egg, larva, 
pupa, or adult. The overwintering larvae, after transforming in the 
spring to pupae and in turn to adults are referred to as "spring-brood 
pupae " and ■ spring-brood moths." Although the spring-brood pupae 
and moths are the first to make their appearance during the growing 
season, they are not designated as first-brood pupae and first-brood 
moths, but these terms are reserved for the pupae and moths of the 
next succeeding generation. 
ADULT AND EGG STAGES 
TIME OF EMERGENCE OF THE SPRING-BROOD MOTHS 
From material under observation during the season of 1916 it was 
determined that spring-brood moths emerged from May 7 to May 23, 
and in 1917 the period of emergence was May 2 to May 17. Moths 
in the pecan orchard evidently came forth about the same time as 
those in rearing cages, a fact which was determined by numerous 
field observations. There is, however, one record of collecting an 
empty pupal skin in the field as early as May 1, 1917, indicating that 
this particular individual emerged earlier than the first insectary 
rearing. The dates of issuance of 60 individuals are shown in 
Table 1. 
Table 1. — Time of emergence of spring-brood moths of the pecan nut case-bearer, 
Monticello, Fla., 1916 and 1917 
.1916 
1917 
Date of emergence 
Num- 
ber of 
moths 
Date of emergence 
Num- 
ber of 
moths 
Date of emergence 
dum- 
ber of 
moths 
Date of emergence 
1 
Num- 
ber of 
moths 
May 7 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 
5 
1 
6 
May 16. 
5 
5 
3 
3 
1 
i_ 
36 
May 2 . 
, 
5 
3 
1 
1 
4 
j May 12 . 
o 
8 
17... 
3 
14 
1 
10. 
18 
4 . 
16 
3 
11 
19... 
5 
17 3 
12 
20 
13 __ 
23 
10 
Total j 24 
14.... _•_ 
15 
Total 
TIMES OF EMERGENCE OF FIRST AND SECOND BROOD MOTHS 
Records on the times of emergence of first and second brood moths 
are given in Table 2 for 1914, 1915, 1916, and 1917. 
From material under observation during the season of 1914, it was 
determined that first-brood moths emerged from June 11 to July 2, 
covering a period of 22 days. The maximum emergence occurred on 
June 23, when 15 moths came forth. The second-brood moths began 
to appear on July 23 and continued emerging until August 26, a period 
of 35 days for all individuals under observation. Probably the times 
of emergence of both the first and second brood moths varied some- 
what from the dates based on reared specimens, but no doubt the 
data given closely approximate the actual times of emergence under 
natural conditions. 
The records for 1915 show that the first-brood moths emerged from 
June 18 to July 15, the maximum emergence of 13 individuals occur- 
