THE PECAN NUT CASE-BEARER 
TIME OF PUPATION OP OVERWINTERING LARV.E AND LENGTH OP SPRING-BROOD 
PUPAL PERIOD 
Investigations show that the time of pupation of the overwintering 
larvse is variable. Records for 1916 give April 24 as the earliest date 
of pupation, and the latest as May 12; while for 1917 pupse were 
forming in rearing cages from April 19 to May 1. During the season 
of 1917 overwintering larvae were observed in the field after May 1, 
showing that insectary records do not actually indicate the complete 
period at which transformation to pupse occurs. Before making any 
generalization on the time of pupation, more extensive data are de- 
sirable, as observations have been confined to a limited number of 
individuals. 
During 1916 and 1917 the length of the pupal period of the spring 
brood was determined for 19 individuals, as shown in Table 5: 
Table 5. — Length of pupal period of spring-brood pupae of the pecan nut case- 
bearer, Monticello, Fla., 1916 and 1917 
Num- 
ber of 
indi- 
viduals 
Date of 
pupation 
May 11. 
May 13. 
May 14. 
May 15. 
May 16. 
May 17. 
May 18. 
May 19. 
do.. 
May 23. 
Average for 12 individuals. 
Apr. 24. 
Apr. 28. 
May2.. 
May4_. 
May 5.. 
May6.. 
May 7.. 
do.. 
May8_. 
May 12. 
Date of 
emergence 
Days as 
pupa 
1917 
Num- 
ber of 
indi- 
viduals 
Date of 
pupation 
Apr. 19. 
Apr. 20. 
Apr. 28. 
do- 
Apr. 29. 
Apr. 30. 
May 1. 
Date of 
emergence 
May 2.. 
May3.. 
May 14. 
May 16. 
May 17. 
do- 
May 16. 
Average for 7 individuals. 
Days a 
pupa 
15.85 
TIME OF PUPATION AND LENGTH OP PUPAL PERIOD OF THE FIRST AND SECOND 
BROOD VJ3VM 
Of the first-brood larvse under observation that*transformed to 
pupse during 1914 the first pupated June 9, and during 1916 and 
1917 the first pupse appeared June 5 and June 2, respectively. Pupa- 
tion continued in 1916 until June 29 and in 1917 until July 2, while 
in 1914 the last pupa for insectary material was recorded on June 19. 
It should be stated, however, 'that larvse under natural conditions 
were probably pupating for a week or 10 days later than pupation 
records for 1914 indicate, as it was determined on June 20 from field- 
collected material that only 85 per cent of the larvse had pupated. 
These records are given in Table 6. 
The second-brood larvse transform to pupse during the latter half 
of July and the greater part of August. The time of pupation for a 
number of individuals of the second brood is also given in Table 6. 
These records, however, do not represent the entire period of 
pupation for the second brood, as only a limited number of trans- 
forming larvse were under observation during some seasons. 
