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PINE-OIL AND PINE-DISTILLATE PRODUCT EMULSIONS. a 
Lightwood. 
Hogged, shredded, a steam distilled. 
, | | 
Wood, extracted with Aqueous layer of distillate Oil layer of distillate fraction- 
petroleum distillate. discarded. ally steam distilled. 
| | 
Wood steamed to recover Solution fractionated. 
solvent, then used as fuel. 
| | Wood 
Solvent. Rosin. Pine oil. turpentine. 
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PINE OILS. 
Steam-distilled and steam-and-solvent process pine oils are pleas- 
ant-smelling oils, having the characteristic pine odor. Teeple (20) 
says that the specific gravity ranges from 0.935 to 0.947, depending 
on the content of lower boiling terpenes, that a good commercial 
product will begin to distill at from about 206° C. to 210° C., and 
that 75 per cent of it will distill between the limits 211° and 218° C. 
On an oil of density 0.945 at 15.5° C. he found an index of refraction, 
for the D line, of 1.4830. Schimmel & Co. (17), working on a sample 
with a, density at 15° C. of 0.9536, found an index of refraction at 
20° C., for the D line, of 1.48537. The bulk of the sample distilled 
between 190° and 220° C. and 5 per cent between 160° and 190° C. 
The first recorded work on the chemical composition of pine oil is 
that of Walker, Wiggins, and Smith (30), who concluded that this 
oil is a terpineol. Teeple (20) showed that the essentia] constituent 
of pine oil is a terpineol, probably alpha terpineol. Schimmel & Co. 
(17) report the following constituents: Camphene, alpha pinene, beta 
pinene, l-lmonene, dipentene, cineol, gamma terpinene, alpha ter- 
pineol in large proportions, borneol, methyl chavicol, fenchyl alcohol, 
and camphor. The first seven of these, all of which boil at 180° C. 
or lower, doubtless are normal constituents of wood turpentine, and 
are found in pine oil because of incomplete separation. The last five 
have boiling points higher than 200° C. and are, heres probably 
normal constituents of pine oil. 
The pine oil from destructive distillation varies much more than 
that from these processes. Chemically it is presumably a mixture of 
the oil described in the preceding paragraphs with oils formed by the 
destructive distillation of rosin and wood. The relative proportions 
of the two parts will vary with the process of distillation. In general, 
the distillation takes place over a somewhat wider range than in the 
case of the steam-distilled product. 
