- NATURAL REGENERATION OF DOUGLAS FIR. 335) 
looked as if they had grown from buried cones. Such clumps 
occurred at such distances from seed trees that the cones could not 
have been borne on wind-broken twigs. 
Another area in this region contained an average of nearly 10,000 
seedlings to the acre, consisting of western red cedar, western hem- 
lock, and Douglas fir from 1 to 4 years old. In this area there was 
no preponderance of western hemlock seedlings, although seed trees 
of this species were present, whereas the western red cedar seed 
trees were 10 chains and the Douglas fir 20 chains distant, respec- 
tively. 
An area near Oso, Wash., contained from 15,000 to 20,000 seedlings 
per acre of western red cedar, western hemlock, and Douglas fir. 
There were one to three seed trees of western red cedar and western 
hemlock per acre. The neareast Douglas-fir seed trees were more 
than 10 chains distant. The larger percentage of germination oc- 
curred the first year after logging, germination continued for three 
years, and some western hemlock ger rminated the fourth year. 
An area of unburned slash near Pacific Beach, Wash., 15 years 
after logging (Pl. VII, fig. 2), in a heavy forest of western red 
cedar, western hemlock, and spruce, with a few veteran Douglas 
firs, contained a good stand of reproduction consisting of 20 per 
cent Sitka spruce, 10 per cent. Douglas fir, 50 per cent western hem- 
lock, and 20 per cent western red cedar. 
Unburned slash near Knappa, Oreg., 20 years after logging, con- 
tained a thicket of western red cedar, western hemlock, and Douglas 
fir, with the western red cedar and western hemlock predominating 
in numbers. In contrast to this, another area in the same locality, 
where the timber had been killed by the forest fire of September, 
1918, was logged in 1919, and the slash left unburned. Two years 
later there was a dense cover of young growth, consisting of 85 per 
cent Douglas fir, 10 per cent hemlock, and 5 per cent spruce. There 
was no green timber within one-half mile of the area after the fire 
of 1918. This is an illustration of the change of forest type caused 
by fire. Had the fire of 1918 not occurred on this area, and had the 
slash been left unburned, the young growth would have been largely 
hemlock, but now it is almost a pure stand of Douglas fir. Young 
growth invariably follows cutting on areas where ‘the slash is not 
burned, although the proportions of species may not be the most 
desirable. A summary of conditions found on areas where the slash 
was left unburned is given in Table 15. 
TABLE 15.—Average number of seedlings per acre in unburned slash 2 to 15 
years after cutting 
Chains 2 distant from seed trees. 
Species. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 
DO Me1a Sy Mra ae ea 180 60 75 172 310 215 10 305 510 18 
Western red cedar. ... 230 986 385 760 | 1,620 586 160 | 12,110 | 3,405 50 
Western hemlock.....| 1,460 | 10,720 | 3,680 3,140 | 5,600} 2,615 | 3,805 | 35,680) 7,680 205 
Totals pees. 1,870 | 11,766 | 4,140) 4,072) 7,530) 3,416 | 3,975 | 48,095 | 11,595 273 
1 Based on 3.8 acres examined by the plot and transect method. 
‘1 chain equals 66 feet; 20 chains equal one-fourth mile. 
