FOREST PLANTING Lv T THE LAKE STATES 11 
On the moister sand and sandy-loam soils often naturally occu- 
pied by aspen, paper birch, pin cherry, or red oak, and also on the 
heavier soils where sugar maple, basswood, eastern hemlock, yellow 
birch, or beech have been cut and raspberries have come up after 
fires, Norway pine, northern white pine, and white spruce are the 
trees best adapted to the soils. On open sites where there is less 
than 40 per cent of natural tree growth, Norway pine is to be pre- 
ferred. On the heavier soils or where there is more than 40 per cent 
natural tree cover, northern white pine or white spruce are likely 
to be more satisfactory. 
The same suggestions for selection of species for planting apply to 
the cleared lands as to the soils with less than 40 per cent of tree 
cover. If the planting site has been cultivated recently however, or 
is cultivated at the time of planting, it is often possible to obtain good 
results with northern white pine as well as with Norway pine even 
on the dry sandy soils. (PI. 1, C.) In general, however, northern 
white pine is more subject to damage by the extreme heating of the 
surface soil in exposed sites during the hot weather of midsummer. 
Little swamp planting has been tried in the Lake States. Experi- 
mental plantings of red, white, Norway, and blue spruce were made 
in Minnesota by the Cloquet station (41)- After two years, only 16 
to 33 per cent of the trees of any of the species were alive. Since 
sufficient experience for guidance is lacking, planting in the 
swamps had best be guided by the general principle previously 
stated, namely, to plant those species which grow or have grown 
naturally on the site. For the Lake States swamps, this principle 
would indicate northern white cedar or possibly tamarack or black 
spruce or northern white pine as the trees to be tried. The trial 
should be on a small scale, however, since there is no certainty that 
any of them will be satisfactory. 
A successful windbreak planting on peat soil which had been 
drained' and cultivated in Beltrami County, Minn., is reported by 
S. S. Burton, formerly of the Cloquet Forest Experiment Station. 
The kinds of trees planted were American elm, Russian poplar, box 
elder, green ash, white spruce, and Scotch pine. With the exception 
of Scotch pine, more than 85 per cent of the trees were living two 
years after the}' were planted; the poplar, box elder, and ash were 
3 to 3% feet high. The hardwoods were planted as 2-year seedlings 
and the pine and spruce as 4-year transplants. The plantation was 
cultivated after planting as well as before, The results are sugges- 
tive but can not be accepted as reliable indications for planting on un- 
drained swamps without cultivation. 
The mine dumps in northern Michigan and Minnesota offer a spe- 
cial problem in forest planting which has yet to be attacked. Ex- 
perience with planting under similar conditions in Pennsylvania (19) 
indicates that jack pine or Scotch pine will probably succeed and 
that they are the most promising species. 
Suggestions as to the adaptability of different species to differ- 
ent planting sites have been limited to a few species. Those which 
are believed to be distinctly the best species for planting in the north- 
ern Lake States as a whole are Norway pine, northern white pine, 
white spruce, and jack pine. There may, however, be specific cir- 
cumstances under which the planting of some other species would be 
more desirable. 
