FOREST PLANTING IN" THE LAKE STATES 9 
In southern Ontario, red oak acorns were sowed in the fall in 
furrows about 4 inches deep in a fine sandy soil and covered by drag- 
ging across the furrows. About 50 per cent came up. The trees 
were cultivated two years after sowing and averaged 5 feet high 
five seasons after planting. Seed-spot sowing of red oak has also 
been successful in Ohio (60). 
Norway, northern white, and Scotch pine were sowed in seed spots 
by the Cloquet station (41) with moderate success. Best results 
were obtained in fall sowings under a stand of jack pine where the 
shade was found to be an advantage. On brushy, cut-over sites the 
smothering by leaves of the seedlings in the seed spots more than 
counteracted the benefits of the shade. 
Although direct seeding may occasionally result in satisfactory 
establishment of seedlings, it is much more likely to fail. As a 
means of reforestation, its use is not recommended. 
TYPICAL SITES FOR PLANTING 
Differences in soil are chiefly responsible for the necessity of con- 
sidering where to plant and what to plant in the northern Lake 
States. Variations within areas even as small as 20 to 40 acres 
may be so marked as to require a combination of two or more dis- 
tinct planting plans. The natural tree and plant growth on the 
different soils are so closely related to the soil conditions that, when 
considered in connection with the original forest growth which was 
on the same area, they usually offer a more convenient means of 
describing and deciding on a planting plan than would a detailed 
examination of the soil. 
In discussing planting sites, five different conditions will be dis- 
tinguished : 
1. The dry sanely lands with some tree growth of jack pine or scarlet or 
jack oak, and with little or no paper birch, pin cherry, or hazelnut (Corylus 
rostrata Ait. and C. mnericoMa Walt.). These lands were originally occupied 
by Norway pine or jack pine. They include the poor sites for Norway pine 
and the poor and medium sites for jack pine. Bare areas of blow sand, beach 
sand, and sand dunes are included in this group. 
2. The sandy or sandy loam soils more retentive of moisture than those of 
the first group and having no jack pine, little or no scarlet or jack oak, but 
often paper birch or pin cherry. In distinction from the third class, they 
have no basswood, sugar maple, or raspberry (Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus 
[C. A. Mey] Kegel and Tiling). Most of the cutover land which grew northern 
white pine or mixtures of northern white and Norway pine is in this class. 
It includes the good sites for jack pine, the medium and good sites for Norway 
pine, and the poor, medium, and some of the good sites for northern white 
pine and white spruce. 
3. The loam or heavier soils with growth of basswood, sugar maple, or 
raspberry, and without sweet fern (Comptoma asplenifoUa Banks) or blue- 
berry (Vacclnium pennsylvamcum Lam.). The lands now or formerly occu- 
pied by sugar maple, eastern hemlock, basswood, yellow birch, or beech in 
different mixtures are in this class. It includes chiefly the good sites for 
northern white pine and white spruce. 
4. Cultivated lands, whether they have been cultivated and abandoned years 
ago, or whether they are cleared and cultivated at the time of tree planting. 
The beneficial effect of clearing and cultivation of the ground on the planted 
trees is so marked in any and all soils that areas so treated must be considered 
as particularly favorable sites for planting. (PI. 1, B.) 
5. The swamps with wet muck or peat soils and forest growth of tamarack, 
northern white cedar, black ash, black spruce, or alder. 
