24 
but in the case of a small refinery, such as is here considered (fig. 7), 
this may be impracticable. Accordingly, the heater H is located 
near the deodorizer G and is arranged to burn fuel oil. This not 
only obviates the cost of handling coal and ashes but affords ready 
control, a fairly constant temperature, and can be so regulated that 
it does not require the undivided attention of the operator. The 
two workmen of the refinery, previously -referred to, should be able 
to handle this equipment. A very decided advantage in using oil 
instead of coal for fuel lies in the ease with which the fire can be ex- 
tinguished in case the pumps stop. If coal costs $6 delivered and 
fuel oil $2.50 a barrel, 10 the cost for heating is about the same, but 
the oil has the advantage of better control, greater cleanliness, 
absence of charges for handling ashes, and the saving in fireman's 
wages. 
The steam, with its charge of volatile odorous vapors, passes into 
the tank/, which functions both as a trap and as a preliminary con- 
denser, and then passes into the jet condenser g, where a curtain 
of water entering near the top condenses the steam and discharges 
it into the hot well h. The condenser discharge pipe is longer than 
that required to produce a Torricellian vacuum and therefore insures 
a good working vacuum. However, certain noncondensible gases 
accumulate in the peak of the condenser g, operating to lower the 
vacuum. These gases are removed by the auxiliary dry-vacuum 
pump through the line entering the condenser at the top. The water 
for the condenser g is the same as that used in the preliminary 
condenser/. 
After deodorization, the oil must be cooled to atmospheric temper- 
ature under a high vacuum; otherwise the deodorized oil will dete- 
riorate by oxidation. In some plants the oil is cooled by running it 
through a series of jacketed pipes. In the plant here considered 
the cooling is effected by turning a stream of water into the closed 
steam coils in the deodorizer and circulating the oil by the regular 
deodorizing pump. Sometimes a fine precipitate is found in the oil, 
particles are taken up from the equipment, or other circumstances 
develop which make it necessary to filter the oil through a clean 
filter press before storing in tanks J. The oil is pumped from these 
tanks through pipe K into cars. 
All floors drain into the hot well Ji, which overflows into ~h' . This 
serves as a trap for any oil which may be spilled and that which is 
carried over with the deodorization vapors. 
It must be recognized that although this treatment will give a 
high-grade edible oil, it can not be expected that such oil can be used 
for salad purposes without further treatment. Most vegetable oils 
10 This price is about an average of fuel-oil prices for 1919. Prices for 1920 are not included because of the 
abnormal conditions which prevailed in the oil market during that yean 
