10 BULLETIN 305, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
History: Have members of the class prepare statements of the 
facts as to the kinds of forest and fruit trees that have been and are 
dying out in the community, and, if possible, state reasons. 
Arithmetic: A simple method for determining the number of feet 
of lumber in a log is: Subtract 4 inches from the diameter of the 
small end to ailow for slab, multiply the remainder by one-half 
itself, then by the length of the log in feet, and divide by 8. 
(i) Find the number of feet in a log 24 inches in diameter and 16 feet long. 
(2) A tree is cut into three logs each 12 feet iong. The diameters for the smaller 
ends are each 36, 30, and 24 inches. Find the number of feet of lumber 
in the tree. 
ANIMALS. 
Review and continued work.—Population studies of all kinds of 
animals, birds, and insects are continued. 
Begin the study of a particular group of birds, say, the wood- 
peckers or sparrows. Follow this study month by month. Some 
of the more common woodpeckers are hairy woodpecker, downy 
woodpecker, flicker or yellow hammer, red-headed woodpecker, and 
yellow-breasted sapsucker. The following outline is suggested as a 
guide to group study for the year: (1) Generali ferm, size, and 
appearance of eack member of group; (2) color—back, head, throat, 
breast, tail—both of males and females; (8) methods of each in 
procuring food and what is eaten; (4) manner of climbing and 
descending trees; (5) use of beak. What is the drum, and how and 
when used? (6) Holes—kinds of trees, location, extent, uses; (7) 
manner of flight; (8) resident or migrant, time of arriving and leay- 
ing; (9) places frequented—weoeds, fields, yards, swamps; (10) 
kinds of songs, notes, etc.; (11) useful, how? Harmful, how? 
Begin a month by month study of a particular group of wild 
mammals, such as squirrels. The squirrel family includes the gray 
squirrel, the red squirrel, the ground squirrel or chipmunk, and 
the woodchuck or “‘ground heg.” The following outhne suggests 
observations and studies for the year with any group of mammals 
it is convenient to consider: 
(1) General form and size of each animal of the group. 
(2) Color of different parts—head, back, tail, under surface. 
(3) Characteristic parts peculiar to each member of the group or to the group 
as a whole—teeth, toes, and tail. 
(4) Manner of moving—on ground, climbing and descending. 
(5) Where they make homes—in hollow trees or logs, in burrows, under banks 
or rubbish. 
(6) What places they frequent—gardens, orchards, fields, woods, barns, and 
houses. 
(7) What do they eat? Manner of procuring food? 
(8) Do they store a supply of food for winter, go into a dormant or sleeping 
stage, or gather food in winter? 
(9) Are they useful? How? Harmful? How? 
(10) What are their natural enemies? 
(11) li harmful, how may they be combated? (Yearbook Separate 491, Use — 
of Poisons for Destroying Noxious Mammals, Yearbook 1908, p. 421.) 
