MARKETING BARRELED APPLES 17 
similar to the usual B grade. These second grades are more tolerant 
regarding color, shape, defects, and injuries. Some specify 214 
inches as minimum diameter. 
Apples not reaching the requirements of the leading grades are 
usually packed as No. 3, but as C grade in New York State. Apples 
not packed according to any of these grades usually come under the 
oe “unclassified and ungraded” and may include anything except 
culls. 
Orchard-run is a combination of all grades, usually but not always 
excluding culls. This class is much used for early apples, for the 
apple supply of local markets, and for shipment in open packages and 
in sales to local dealers for repacking or for storage. 
The size of the barrel is usually specified in State laws as the same 
capacity as the United States standard barrel of 7,056 cubic inches. 
Connecticut and Maine specify 7,000 cubic inches, but obviously 
these are legal only in markets within these States. 
The color requirements are a prominent feature of most State 
standards for the higher grades. Red kinds are usually divided into 
solid red, partial red, and red-cheeked or red-blushed varieties, 
with varying proportions of red required in varieties belonging to 
the respective classes. 
In the specifications of Delaware, New York, West Virginia, and 
those States adopting the United States recommended grades, a 
definite percentage of the red coloring normal for the variety is re- 
quired for the higher grades. A tinge of color usually is definitely 
required for the red-cheeked or blushed varieties. Yellow or green 
varieties are usually listed as requiring only their characteristic color. 
Many States specify required color of the leading grade as fair, 
medium, or good for variety. 
The grades recommended by the United States Department of Ag- 
riculture are more specific and clearly defined than the majority of 
the State grades. Specifications for recommended U.S. No. 1 grade 
include causes of damage, such as dirt, spray burn, foreign material, 
skin puncture, sun scald, visible watercore, insects, hail, diseases, 
and injuries from mechanical or other means. The toleration is 10 
per cent by weight. A definite percentage of color is specified as a 
minimum for leading red and part-red varieties. 
The U.S. No. 2 grade differs from the No. 1 in specifying “serious 
damage” instead of ‘“‘damage” from the various causes, and it 
specifies fewer causes and makes no color requirements. 
U.S. No. 3 comprises marketable apples below No. 2. 
U.S. Fancy grade requires freedom from the various defects. 
The apples must be well formed and the color requirements are much 
higher than those for No. 1. 
THE PACKAGE 
The legal barrel holds 7,056 cubic inches, 105 quarts, or 3.281 
bushels. It has been popularly considered that a barrel is equivalent 
to 3 bushels, but in fact a standard barrel contains 605 cubic inches 
more than 3 bushels. The empty apple barrel weighs about 10 
pounds, a weill-packed standard barrel weighs around 170 pounds, 
although railroads usually accept it for billing purposes at 160 pounds. 
88494°—26——_2 
