28 BULLETIN 1416, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
are weak or when a shipper has stock that is overripe or of mixed 
grades and varieties he often consigns it to one of the large cities 
where it is sold for his account. 
SALES THROUGH BROKERS 
When car-lot sales are arranged by local shippers or large growers 
through city brokers, the seller writes or telegraphs to a broker an 
offer of a specified variety and grade at a definite price per barrel, 
for a carload. The broker gets in touch with dealers likely to buy 
the stock and sends the shipper the best bid obtainable. When city 
dealer and country shipper have agreed on terms, the broker notifies 
the shipper to forward the car f. 0. b. usual terms, and to send draft 
on the broker’s bank with bill of lading, and with permission to 
inspect. 
The buyer, on accepting the car, orders his bank to pay the draft 
and the proceeds are forwarded to the shipper. If the car is not 
accepted outright or if other complications arise, the broker endeavors 
to settle the dispute. 
When official inspection services are available at shipping point 
the cars are often solid f. 0. b. cash track, in which case payment is 
due at once and shipment is made at buyer’s risk. In the case of 
auction sale, shipping-point basis, the transaction is absolute and 
pean is due immediately, with no deduction except the auction 
ee. The auction method is seldom employed in the barreled-apple 
0” a 
ogee METHODS OF SALE IN SHIPPING REGIONS 
Methods of sale by growers and dealers are all much the same 
in the leading eastern apple regions, with some allowance for distance 
from market, the activities of associations, and the relative promi- 
nence of different apple varieties. Features of several prominent 
sections are as follows: 
WESTERN NEW YORK 
The territory known as the western New York apple region is the 
result of three-quarters of a century of development, and shows a 
ereat deal of variation in details of the marketing system. The 
growers are acquainted with many ways of disposing of their apples, 
and change their methods from season to season somewhat accord- 
ing to. conditions. 
About 75 per cent of the western New York shipped apple crop 
is usually =a by growers to local dealers or agents who pack or 
repack much of the fruit and sell it to outside dealers by whom it is 
distributed to the trade. The other 25 per cent is mostly put up 
or stored by growers, or sold direct to traveling buyers, or shipped 
on commission, or handled by cooperative associations. 
Probably the local dealers have a stronger hold than in most 
other important apple regions. They are often general merchants 
who buy many lines of local produce and sell supplies needed by 
peda: They are concerns of long standing and have estab- 
ished close business and personal relations with many of the growers. 
Often they advance money to growers, either as payments on a com- 
ing apple crop or in the form of farm supplies. In seasons like 1923— 
24, apparendhe most local dealers suffered losses as a result of the 
long decline of the market after the fruit had left the possession of 
