MARKETING BARRELED APPLES 49 
barrel package has stood in the way of auction selling, although that 
plan has been tested ina small way. Notso many sales are arranged 
through brokers, partly for the same reasons and partly because the 
barrel sections are fairly close to large markets and more direct 
arrangements become practicable. 7 
OWNED STOCK 
City dealeis know the location of the more desirable orchards and 
are likely to send buyers to contract for the crops at so much per 
barrel, packed and delivered at station or cold storage. 
DIRECT PURCHASE 
City wholesalers also buy of country dealers either f. o. b. country 
shipping point or to be delivered at the city terminal. Many sales 
are on wire orders, arranged between country and city dealers by 
telegraph, with or without the aid of a broker. The services of a 
broker are most likely to be employed when the car is bought from 
another dealer who has employed the broker to obtain competitive 
bids quickly. 
COMMISSION 
Shipments to commission dealers are mostly from shippers with 
whom long standing and presumably satisfactory relations have been 
established or from growers with holdings too smal! in quantity or too 
far distant from the usual shipping center to attract buyers. Ship- 
ments on commission become more common in years of heavy crops, 
and during such seasons dealers depend on them more. 
A CAR-LOT SALE 
The typical car lot of barreled apples is most likely to have been 
bought by the receiver direct from the country holder and shipped 
at once to the city for sale or storage. Sometimes the car may have 
been loaded by a local dealer and shipped to the city receiver, the 
terms of sale having been arranged by topraph or indirectly through 
a broker. Some cars come from holders who have been loaned 
money by commission firms with the understanding that the lender 
handle the crop on a commission basis, or the car may have come 
from holders who wish to sell on a new market. Relatively few 
cars from the barreled-apple region are from associations of growers to 
be sold direct or handled through their city agency. 
CHARGES 
Commission rates are from 5 to 20 per cent according to the city, 
the size of shipment sold, and the AREER practice. Some commis- 
sion dealers charge the shipper 3 to 15 cents per barrel, most com- 
monly 10 cents, for cartage from freight yard to store. ‘Terms and 
conditions vary somewhat but in general the commission for selling 
large lots on which no advances have been made is from 7 to 8 per 
cent of the gross proceeds. In the case of fruit on which large ad- 
vances have been made the usual commission for selling is 10 per cent, 
no interest having been charged on the money advanced. A com- 
mission of 10 per cent, sometimes more, is charged also on less than 
carlot shipments or on small shipments by several growers in the 
same car, and this rate is likewise applied to sales made through 
the receiver’s stores rather than at the docks or yards. Some com- 
$8494°—26—_4 
