50 BULLETIN 1416, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
mission merchants employ men in shipping districts to solicit con- 
signments to them. Thus in the case of some shipments, after 
deducting the pay of the representative ‘at shipping point, commis- 
sion men receive an actual net fee of only about 5 per cent. 
Sales of owned stock show, according to reports from several large 
markets, about 5 per cent added to cost when selling to jobbers and 
10 per cent on small sales to retailers or others. Im any event the 
buyer hauls his purchase or pays for delivery. The retailer also 
usually pays for delivery, although some jobbers include free delivery 
service to the station or to stores within city limits. The receiver 
sells apples either at the railroad yard, dock, or pier, or at his store, 
perhaps placing the apples in cold storage before taking them to the 
store. 
SALES FROM TRACK OR STORE 
Track sales are common in large cities where the cars can be brought 
close to the market center and there is room to accommodate the 
buyers who handle the stock. New York, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, 
and Baltimore have facilities for track or dock sales. In New York, 
Philadelphia, Cleveland, Chicago, and Boston, and, in fact, in a great 
majority of city markets a lack of track facilties favors disposal from 
the dealers’ stores or wagons. Where either plan is practicable, the 
largest dealers prefer track sales because of promptness, simplicity, 
and low cost. Store sales favor the buyers’ convenience, but are at 
higher prices because of the cost of hauling, handling, and storage. 
Many receivers have no time, space, or clerical help to accommodate 
buyers of small lots; others, especially those in sialon cities, sell large 
lots to jobbers and small lots to retailers at correspondingly higher 
prices, either at the track or at the store. 
SALES IN SMALL MARKETS 
In small markets the receiver is accustomed to attend to wholesale 
orders of any size and sales are mostly from the store. In such mar- 
kets the dealer may buy mixed car lots put up at shipping point or 
reloaded and shipped from the nearest great distributing market. 
A group of small dealers sometimes unites to buy a car lot. Chain 
stores braduently buy car lots in shipping sections. Many small 
towns receive no car lots but are supplied a few barrels or baskets 
at a time by freight or express or by wagon and motor truck. 
FEATURES OF LARGE MARKETS 
NEW YORK 
If car-lot receipts of apples at New York are considered as bushels, 
the unloads of barreled apples average over 50 per cent of each year’s 
total. The leading sources of barreled supply are New York State 
and Virginia, receipts from the former as a rule amounting to about 
70 per cent and from the latter to 12 per cent of the barreled stock 
unloaded. Maine ships the Baldwin and Wolf River. Vermont 
sends McIntosh and Northern Spy. West Virginia, Pennsylvania, 
and Maryland supply York Imperial, Winesap, Stayman Winesap, 
and other kinds. Washington, Oregon, and California ship a long 
list of varieties and furnish nine-tenths of the boxed apples. 
Average receipts of apples in car lots for the period 1918 to 1923 
are shown by States of origin in Figure 18, 
