MARKETING BARRELED APPLES 71 
in British markets and in New York City are charted by months. 
More detailed information on prices of American apples in British 
markets is given in Table 23, p. 98. 
ESSENTIALS OF TRADE 
Success in exporting apples requires (1) reliable trade connections, 
(2) efficient sales supervision, (3) proper credit arrangements, (4) a 
familiarity with domestic and foreign trade facilities, and (5) a 
knowledge of conditions under which perishable products are sHipDey 
and an understanding of the selling of fruit in foreign markets. 
Therefore producers as a class and most dealers leave the actual 
exporting to specialists who buy the fruit or take it on consignment 
and attend to credit arrangements, insurance, brokerage, commission, 
port charges, wharfage, storage, and refrigeration, and who supervise 
other details which enter into a completed transaction. 
The usual course of a grower or association is either to sell to a 
traveling agent of an exporter or to ship to an exporter on commis- 
sion. In either case the shipper receives directions how the apples 
should be graded and packed, branded, loaded, and shipped to meet 
the exporter’s requirements. 
Direct sales to exporters are much like sales to other dealers. 
The exporter obtains the fruit if he makes the best offer available 
and he assumes all of the detail work incidental to foreign marketing. 
Unless the demand is unusually brisk, exports are likely to be 
made on a commission basis. If the grower, dealer, or association 
wishes to ship on commission, it will be necessary to know something 
of the conditions and outlook in foreign markets, obtaining informa- 
tion from departmental and consular reports of the United States 
and Canada, also from news dispatches and from reports supplied by 
export commission houses. 
EXPORT PRACTICES 
New York is the principal export district: for barreled apples. 
Shippers billing cars through for export make such notation on their 
bills of lading and have the railroad notify their New York agent 
when the cars arrive. It is the duty of the agent to see that the 
shipments are inspected, if the shipper desires it, and to see that 
they are delivered to the next ship sailing. Usually these agents 
are brokers representing the foreign firms which are to receive the 
shipments, and they are paid by the foreign receivers from the com- 
missions or profits. In some cases, however, a shipper designates a 
forwarding concern to look after the necessary duties connected with 
exporting. 
Barreled apples billed through for export from New York, are 
delivered either at Sixtieth Street, New York City, or at Hoboken, 
Jersey City, and Weehawken, N. J., where the cars are unloaded. 
The barrels are conveyed on barges to the steamer dock, although 
some are loaded direct from cars to ship. Not all shipments desig- 
nated for export on their original bills of lading are actually exported. 
Inspection sometimes shows that they are not in good enough con- 
dition for a long journey, and in such cases they are ordered delivered 
to one of the docks on which apples are sold, or hauled to some 
dealer’s store to be sold “‘on the street.” Likewise, some shipments 
Bae. 
