74 BULLETIN 1416, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
Evidently from $1 to $2 per barrel is to be deducted from the price 
in foreign markets to obtain a basis for comparison with the home 
market. After making due allowance for cost of marketing, the 
net return may be very low, possibly lower than in city markets of 
the United States. The price tabulation (Table 23, p. 98) shows the 
wide ranges and frequent. shifts of the market. Part of the wide 
spread between high and low prices of same date is due to the cus- 
tomary inclusion of several grades, sizes, and conditions on a single 
quotation and part is due to the inclusion of small sizes not naaall 
offered in the home markets. 
COMPETING EXPORTS 
With a commercial crop one-sixth that of the United States, Canada 
exports one-third as many apples. In several recent seasons the 
shipments from the United States to the United Kingdom were 
equaled or exceeded by those from Canada. Over four-fifths of 
the Canadian apple exports, including most of the barreled apples, 
go to the United Kingdom. Since the United States also ships a 
greater part of its barreled exports to the United Kingdom, with the 
season and varieties rather similar, competition is keen in British 
markets. 
The Canadian western boxed-apple crop, although increasing 
rapidly, is at present equaled by any one of our leading boxed-apple 
States. Direct competition between the two countries in their 
respective home markets is of moderate extent. From 1918 to 1923 
the United States shipped to Canada about 223,000 barrels a year, 
eS during the same period from Canada an average of about 
150,000 barrels. Only a comparatively few thousand barrels of 
Canadian apples are shipped directly to other countries than the 
United Kingdom and the United States. It is evident that the 
market struggle between the fruits of the United States and Canada 
centers in the barreled-apple supply in the markets of the United 
Kingdom. Otherwise the leadership of the United States is essen- 
tially in its exports of boxed apples to the markets outside of the 
United Kingdom, and to its enterprise and energy in extending those 
markets. 
SUMMARY 
The barrel is the prevailing and typical apple package in the region 
east of Colorado, and this region is commonly known as the barreled- 
apple region. 
Three leading States—New York, Michigan, and Virginia—pro- 
duce nearly one-half the average commercial crop of the barrel region. 
Leading commercial main-crop varieties of iis bar Gledapote region 
are Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening in the North, York Imperial 
and Winesap in the South, and Ben Davis and Jonathan in the West. 
Leading fall kinds are Oldenburg, Wealthy, and McIntosh. 
Methods of cultivation, harvesting, and marketing are m general 
less highly specialized than in the box region. 
The harvest season extends from June to November, with greatest: 
activity during October. Apples are picked into baskets or bags and 
put up in the orchard or packing house, with the aid of more or less 
grading and handling equipment and machinery. An increasing 
share of the crop is sent immediately to cold storage. Boxes, barrels, 
