RANGE AND CATTLE MANAGEMENT DURING DROUGHT. 5 
compact tight clay or “adobe.” There is very little alkali land, ex- 
cept in the adobe lake beds, where water often stands until it evap- 
orates. 
The only water originally on the lands now within the reserve 
consisted of a number of: mountain springs and intermittent lakes 
or flat depressions in the bottom of the valley. Water for stock on 
plains range, both on the reserve and on adjacent range lands, 1s 
now pumped from deep wells by windmills and engines or is sup- 
plied by pipe lines carrying water from springs in the mountains 
and by tanks which catch and store flood waters. The reserve 1s 
now well watered, watering places for the most part being not more 
than 5 miles apart. 
TYPES OF VEGETATION. 
The greater part of the forage, perhaps 80 per cent, is furnished 
by perennial grasses, of which the most important are black grama, 
red three-awn or needlegrass, tobosa, dropseed, muhlenbergia, burro- 
grass, and alkali sacaton or saltgrass. Various brush species, among 
which mesquite, blackbrush, creosote bush, shadscale, sagebrush, and 
Mormon tea predominate, are found on the mesa or plain.* 
Many species of both perennial and annual weeds, as well as various 
annual or “six-weeks” grass species, occur during the rainy season, 
but their duration is short and they do not furnish a great amount of 
forage.° 
3The Jornada del Muerto plain, upon which the reserve is located, slopes gently toward 
a central depression or bolson with no drainage out. 
4 Black grama—Bouteloua eriopoda. 
Red three-awn grasses—Aristida longiseta, A. pansa, A. purpurea. 
Tobosa grass—Hilaria mutica. 
Dropseed grass—Sporobolus cryptendrus, S. fleruosus, 8S. wrightii, S. auriculatus. 
Ring muhlenbergia—= Vuhlenbergia gracillima. 
Bush grass=Muhlenbergia porteri. 
Alkali sacaton or saltgrass—Sporobolus airoides. 
Burro-grass=Scleropogon brevifolius. 
Low tridens—Tridens pulchellus. 
Mesquite—Prosopis glandulosa. 
Blackbrush=Flourensia cernuda. 
Creosote bush—Covillea glutinosa. 
Snakeweed—Gutierrezia furfuracea. 
Shadscale—=Atripler canescens. 
Sagebrush—Artemisia filifolia. 
Mormon tea—LHphedra torreyana. 
5 Some of the most important of these are as follows: 
Perennials— 
Baileya=Baileya multiradiata. 
Spurge—Chamaesyce spp. 
Leatherweed=Croten corymbulosius. 
Spectacle-pod=VDithyraea wislizeni. 
Evolvulus=ZHvolvulus pilosus. 
Hoffmanseggia—Hoffmanseggia spp. 
Hymenopappus—HAymenopappus robustus. 
Yellowbush=—Psilostrophe tagetinae. 
Bushy senecio—Senecio filifolius. 
Silvery nightshade—Solanum elaecagnifoiium. 
Whitestem— Mentzelia multifiora (mostly biennial). 
(Footnote continued on page 8.) 
