RANGE AND CATTLE MANAGEMENT DURING DROUGHT. 63 
having the cattle in the pasture as compared with outside range 
where stock were scattered over much larger areas with only four 
bulls per hundred cows. This poor bull distribution and difference 
in condition of the cows at critical times as compared to the special 
herd are mainly responsible for the difference in calf crop in the 
two herds. 
The 42-head herd —The drought interfered with the handling of 
the 42-head herd, but the results of one year have great significance 
in the possibilities of increasing the calf crop. The cows in this lot 
were run by themselves during the main breeding season of 1917 in 
a fairly large pasture with but one bull, but all came to a single 
watering place every day or every other day, so that the bull came 
in contact with all of them. The condition of these cows was about 
the same as in the 500-head herd, the 42 cows being fed during the 
winter as part of the special herd. 
All but one of the 42 cows brought calves in 1918. While it is not 
safe to draw conclusions from a single trial, the results in this herd 
of cows indicated the possibility of securing large returns in calf 
crop when efficient bull service is assured and the cows are kept in 
good condition. i 
CALF PRODUCTION SUMMARY. 
The calf crop for all the herds on the Jornada Range Reserve for 
-the period 1916 to 1919, inclusive, shows an average of 22 calves more 
per 100 cows, or 60 per cent greater production than the average in 
herds on other range in the vicinity where little or no attention is 
paid to condition of breeding stock, distribution of bulls, and other 
influencing factors. The average in the special herd is 32.8 calves 
more per 100 cows, or 87 per cent bigger calf crop. The greatest 
variation is 80 calves per 100 cows in the special herd on the reserve 
in 1918, as compared with 25 calves for the same number of cows on 
outside range. ‘These results are due mainly to provision of sufficient 
winter range and supplemental feeding during the critical period of 
the year and greater care in the distribution of the bulls. Compari- 
sons of the results in different years in the various herds on the 
reserve further emphasizes the importance of these factors. The 
largest calf crop has been obtained each year in the special herd, 
with the exception of the one year’s record for the 42-head herd. 
_ In the special herd, however, there was a marked drop in 1917, when 
the cows were allowed to get poor for a short period during the 
latter part of the breeding season of 1916. Again, in 1919, 28 calves 
less per 100 cows than the maximum average of 80.5 calves for 1916 
and 1918 is thought to be due entirely to the lack of a sufficient num- 
ber of bulls for the size of pasture the herd was in and the lack of 
riding to keep the bulls properly distributed during 1918. 
