RANGE AND CATTLE MANAGEMENT DURING DROUGHT. 81 
and the latter in summer will serve the twofold purpose of giving 
the grama grass the opportunity it requires to maintain itself on 
the range and of securing the maximum use of the tobosa-grass range. 
At the same time, it reserves a supply of range for use by the stock 
during late winter and until rains occur in the early summer, a period 
when stock on the range are always poorest. Where a range is all 
erama grass or similar type of range, the desired result may be ob- 
tained by deferring grazing on a portion of the range during the 
growing season and using it late in the year, and them rotating the 
system to each part of the range successively. 
Proper distribution of stock for full and even utilization of the 
range may best be secured by adequate watering facilities, proper 
salting of stock, and riding. Permanent watering places should not 
be more than 5 miles apart on the range where the carrying capacity 
of the range will justify it. Stock should have plenty of salt at all 
times, and the salt should be placed where it is desired the stock 
should graze. Riding after stoek to keep them on the proper range 
assists further in.good distribution. 
Increased cost of production will best be offset and returns from 
the industry increased through improving the grade of stock, raising 
a larger percentage of calves, and reducing the losses from the 
various causes. 
The grade of stock may best be improved by use of purebred bulls, 
culling the poorer grade cows, and replacing them with the best 
grade heifers obtained as a result of the use of good bulls. Slightly 
better bulls should be obtained every few years to continue building 
up the herd. 
Twenty-two to thirty-three more calves per 100 cows than the 
present average for southwestern range conditions have been ob- 
tained over a period of four years where better care and attention 
were given the breeding herd. Keeping cows and bulls in good 
breeding condition, adequate distribution of bulls, segregation of 
nonbreeding stock, especially during the breeding season, and breed- 
ing no cows under 20 months or over 12 years of age, are mainly 
responsible for the good results. Of these, the condition of the cows 
and distribution of bulls are by far the more important. Having 
a sufficient amount of winter range, supplemented with three-fourths 
to one and a half pounds of cottonseed cake per day from approxi- 
mately February until spring or summer rains occur, will keep cows 
in shape to mother their calves properly and to breed again the fol- 
lowing summer. Early weaning of her calf gives the cow the ad- 
vantage of being dry longer before dropping the next calf. 
Employment of range riders to keep bulls distributed among the 
cgws is essential to secure proper bull service when stock are in com- 
paratively large pastures. One rider can easily keep the bulls dis- 
74514°—22—Bull. 1031——_6 
