82 BULLETIN 1031, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
tributed among 500 cows when range is not rough and 4 bulls per 100 
cows are used. A few cows with a single bull in a small pasture 
also secures efficient bull service. 
The heavy losses from starvation in time of drought may be 
avoided by adjusting the number of stock to what the range will 
carry. The heavy loss during the usual critical period of the year 
may be prevented by reserving a supply of winter range for use 
during that period, avoiding long distances between feed and water, 
and feeding a small percentage of the poorest cows. 
Supplementing the range forage with a small amount of some 
concentrated feed, such as cottonseed cake, will usually save the weak 
cows that otherwise would perish. 
Chopped soapweed may be fed to advantage when the forage is 
getting short. 
Early weaning of calves and careful handling of stock, including 
segregation of the weakest cows, are also important points in reduc- 
ing losses. The extra care and feed will pay for itself in cattle 
saved. 
Losses from blackleg may be made almost negligible by prompt 
vaccination. Dipping is effective in keeping stock free of scabies 
and lice. 
The low price received for steers from the Southwest as compared 
with those from other localities is due mainly to the stunting in 
growth when the feed on the range is dry, from early winter until 
rains the following summer. Feeding a small amount of cottonseed 
cake or some such feed should aid materially in keeping the young 
stock growing over this period and cause them to respond quickly 
to green grass when it comes. 
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO THIS SUBJECT (ARRANGED 
CHRONOLOGICALLY). 
Div. Agros. Bull. 16, Grazing Problems in the Southwest, by J. G. Smith. 
1899. 
Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 4, Range Improvement in Arizona, by David Griffiths. 
1901. 
Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 67, Range Investigations in Arizona, by David Grif- 
fiths. 1904. 
Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 117, The Reseeding of Depleted Range and Native 
Pastures, by David Griffiths. 1907. 
N. Mex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 66, The Range Problem in New Mexico, by 
EK. O. Wooton. 1908. 
Bur. Plant Indus. Bull. 177, A Protected Stock Range in Arizona, by David 
Griffiths. 1910. 
Ariz. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 65, The Grazing Ranges of Arizona, by J.-J. 
Thornber. 1910. 
Proc. Soc. Amer. For. VII: 160-7, 1912. Range Improvement and Improved 
Methods of Handling Stock in National Forests, by J. T. Jardine. 
