BULLETIN OF THE 
»MM0FA«1M 
No. 98. 
Contribution from the Bureau of Animal Industry, A. D. Melvyi, Chief. 
August 14, 1914. 
(PROFESSIONAL PAPER.) 
THE APPLICATION OF REFRIGERATION TO THE 
HANDLING OF MILK. 
By John T. Bowen, Technologist, Dairy Division.- 
INTRODUCTION. 
In the following pages an attempt has been made to discuss briefly 
the various applications of refrigeration, both when employing ice 
and refrigerating machinery, in the operation of the modern milk 
plant, creamery, or dairy, and to discuss in each instance the methods 
most commonly used in the latest and best equipped plants. 
While refrigeration has made considerable advancement in dairy- 
ing in the last few years, even more progress could have been made 
had more owners and operators of milk plants, creameries, and dairies 
been fully aware of the many advantages to be derived from the use 
of proper refrigeration. It is further believed that the manufacturers 
of refrigerating machinery are not familiar with the special conditions 
existing in this industry. Therefore the object of this bulletin is to 
be of service to the manufacturer of refrigerating machinery as well 
as to those employed in the dairy industry. 
It is not intended to give in detail the size and arrangement of 
refrigerating equipment necessary in plants of various capacities, as 
the conditions vary to such an extent that to do so would be impossi- 
ble, but to state briefly the elementary principles of refrigeration and 
refrigerating machinery and to describe what is recognized as the best 
and most modern practice in the industry and to leave the details in 
each case to those on the premises, who are better able to judge and 
to modify the suggestions given herein to suit the existing conditions. 
It is a well-known fact that heat and cold perform very impor- 
tant duties in handling milk and milk products. In pasteurizing milk 
Note.— Discusses the application of refrigeration in the operation of the modem milk plant and describes 
the various forms of mechanical and other systems of cooling. Of interest to producers, shippers; dealers, 
and consumers of milk generally, and also to manufacturers of refrigerating machinery and appliances. 
40083°— Bull. 98—14 1 
